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Some sentences go out of date without a word of them changing. A company’s trial timeline, a lab’s reported result, a count that holds “as of” a month — each was true when an editor checked it, and says nothing about whether it still is. These are all of them, grouped by article, the longest unrevisited first.
Strategies under investigation include plasmapheresis, IgG-cleaving bacterial proteases, and B-cell-depleting or tolerising regimens; none is routine practice as of 2026.
The general claim is that acceleration is a feature of technology as a whole, because each advance provides tools for the next. Ray Kurzweil's law of accelerating returns is the best-known version: evolutionary processes build on their own products, so the returns — speed, capability, cost-effectiveness — grow exponentially, and the exponent itself grows.
statementKurzweil, R. "The Law of Accelerating Returns." Essay, 2001; expanded in The Singularity Is Near, Viking, 2005.
As of 2026 several licensed therapies are priced above two million dollars per patient, and the mismatch between where the diseases are and where the treatments are delivered is the central unsolved problem of the genetic-medicine era.
It is among the largest single financial commitments made to rejuvenation biology, and as of 2026 it has published research but has not publicly named a clinical candidate.
A French bioprosthetic design combines a hybrid membrane of bovine pericardium on the blood-contacting side with electrohydraulic actuation and pressure sensors that adjust output automatically, and received European marking; its manufacturer has struggled financially, and its long-term availability is uncertain as of 2026.
As of 2026, base editing is in clinical trials rather than approved practice, and the trials divide into two families.
Neither is an approved treatment as of 2026.
The National Association of the Deaf issued a position paper in 1991 opposing routine paediatric implantation, and revised it in 2000 into a more accommodating statement that nonetheless insists on sign language access and on Deaf people's role in decisions about deaf children.
statementNational Association of the Deaf. "NAD Position Statement on Cochlear Implants." 2000.
As of mid-2026 no multi-cancer test is recommended for routine screening by a national body, and none has been shown to reduce cancer mortality.
As of 2026 the technology is routine in research and has begun to produce approved medicine. Casgevy, an ex vivo therapy that disrupts an enhancer of BCL11A in a patient's own blood stem cells to raise fetal haemoglobin, was authorised in the United Kingdom and United States across late 2023 and early 2024 for sickle cell disease and transfusion-dependent beta thalassemia; it was the first approved CRISPR medicine anywhere.
On appeal in 2025 the Federal Circuit vacated that decision and returned the case to the board, so the American position remains unsettled as of 2026.
A pivotal trial in treatment-resistant depression is under way as of 2026; obsessive-compulsive disorder remains approved under a humanitarian exemption with a modest evidence base.
As of 2026 the only publicly documented births following deliberate genome editing remain the three children of the He Jiankui experiment.
Whether any of this has changed relative rates is unclear, and the honest assessment as of 2026 is that capability research has been far better funded than safety research throughout the period in which the argument has been made.
As of 2026 there is no substantial trial evidence either way — no randomized comparison of griefbot use against standard bereavement support, and no longitudinal data on outcomes.
As of 2026 the destructive methods of Connectomics have reconstructed human cortex in volumes of about a cubic millimetre, roughly a millionth of a brain, and no nervous system of any size has been emulated.
The US required screening for federally funded work under a 2023 executive order that was revoked in January 2025, leaving the status of the associated framework unclear as of 2026.
As of 2026 the field has moved into first-in-human testing, with results still limited.
Its authors were explicit that it is not a physical quantity and not measurable, and warned against treating it as one.
statementMore, M. "The Extropian Principles: A Transhumanist Declaration," version 3.0, Extropy Institute, 1998.
The final version listed seven: perpetual progress, self-transformation, practical optimism, intelligent technology, open society (information and democracy), self-direction, and rational thinking.
statementMore, M. "Principles of Extropy," version 3.11, Extropy Institute, 2003.
The failures matter as much: Novo Nordisk reported in late 2025 that two large trials of oral semaglutide in early Alzheimer's disease did not slow progression of the disease, the most direct test so far of the claim that incretin drugs act broadly on age-related disease rather than through metabolism.
statementNovo Nordisk. Headline results announcement for the evoke and evoke+ trials of oral semaglutide in early Alzheimer's disease, 2025.
The defensible position as of 2026 is that these practices are plausible, mostly safe, poorly characterized and oversold.
As of 2026 no cloned human birth has been documented.
Subsequent work has extended the reprogramming and expansion phases and clarified how the human germline erases and rebuilds its methylation marks, but as of 2026 no laboratory has publicly reported a human oocyte or spermatozoon made in vitro, and none has reported fertilisation with one.
As of mid-2026 no iPSC-derived product has full marketing approval anywhere.
They are the reason mRNA vaccines work, the reason the first systemically delivered CRISPR therapy reached patients, and — because they deposit their cargo overwhelmingly in the liver — the reason most in vivo genome-editing programmes as of 2026 target a hepatic gene.
The version he published in 2003 lists perpetual progress, self-transformation, practical optimism, intelligent technology, open society, self-direction and rational thinking.
statementMore, M. "The Principles of Extropy," version 3.11. Extropy Institute, 2003.
As of 2026 the trial has not been funded at the scale it requires and has not enrolled, and the evidence that metformin slows human aging remains observational and contested.
Implanted nerve stimulation restores graded touch in research settings, but no commercial upper-limb prosthesis provides it as of 2026.
Four lines of work are active as of 2026, and most have moved away from muscular dystrophy.
NMN's status is disputed: US regulators concluded that because NMN had been authorized for investigation as a new drug, it is excluded from the dietary supplement definition, a determination that led major retailers to delist NMN products and prompted industry petitions that remained unresolved as of 2026.
The clinically consequential branch as of 2026 is the blood test for fragments of tumour DNA, which is closer to changing cancer screening than any other technology in this wiki's nanomedicine section.
As of 2026 no national screening programme has adopted a multi-cancer blood test.
She circulated the Transhumanist Arts Statement in 1982, which framed artistic practice as a means of imagining and prototyping future forms of embodiment rather than representing existing ones.
statementVita-More, N. "Transhumanist Arts Statement." 1982; revised in later editions.
Neuralink disclosed this in a blog post several months later and reported recovering performance through changes to signal processing and decoding rather than reimplantation.
statementNeuralink. "PRIME Study Progress Update." Company blog post, 2024.
A separate programme, Blindsight, aims to restore a crude visual percept by stimulating visual cortex directly; it received an FDA breakthrough device designation in 2024 but had no published human results as of early 2026.
As of 2026 there is no peer-reviewed clinical publication from the PRIME study, which makes independent assessment of durability, complication rates, and decoder performance impossible.
As of 2026 TAME had not been funded at the scale it requires, had not enrolled, and had reported no results.
No psilocybin product had been approved by any major regulator as of mid-2026.
The advisory committee's objections centred on functional unblinding, on the impossibility of separating the drug from an unstandardized psychotherapy the agency does not regulate, and on missing data about durability and abuse potential.
statementLykos Therapeutics. "Lykos Therapeutics Announces Complete Response Letter for Midomafetamine Capsules for PTSD." Company announcement, 2024.
Proposals to edit humans for radiation tolerance are a serious research topic and, as of 2026, entirely preclinical.
As of 2026 the field is in an unusual position: its two commercially approved devices have been withdrawn, and its most promising results come from a system whose developer went insolvent.
None is required by regulators as of 2026, and the same exposure applies to every implant discussed under Neuroprosthetics and to the emerging commercial implants covered by Neurorights debates.
The most developed programme targets autophagy, the lysosomal degradation pathway whose molecular machinery Yoshinori Ohsumi worked out in yeast and for which he received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
statementThe Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet. "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi." Press release, 2016.
As of 2026 the clinical end of the field is modest but real: tactile and auditory substitution devices have regulatory clearance in some jurisdictions, and sound-to-vibration wristbands are sold to deaf users and for tinnitus.
As of 2026 the question is treated as legitimate by national governments and by the laboratories building the systems, though the specific singularitarian claim — a discontinuous, self-driven capability explosion — remains a minority view among AI researchers rather than a consensus.
As of 2026 more than twenty gene and gene-modified cell therapies hold marketing authorisation in the United States, nearly all of them for rare single-gene disorders or for blood cancers.
As of 2026 no regulator has accepted any clock as a surrogate endpoint, and the XPRIZE Healthspan competition deliberately chose functional measures instead.
As of 2026 no synthetic human chromosome exists.
Genome editing is the clearest case: the set of diseases addressable by CRISPR–Cas9 and Base editing as of 2026 is essentially the set of diseases whose causal gene is expressed in hepatocytes, because that is where the carriers go.
Fields relevant to this wiki show the pattern clearly. Senolytics cleared TRL 4 convincingly in mice and have produced modest or null results in the small human trials run so far. Gene therapy for aging has strong animal data and no controlled human efficacy evidence. Organ bioprinting and Tissue engineering are stuck between validated tissue constructs and anything approaching a vascularised organ. Artificial womb devices have kept premature lambs alive for weeks in animal studies since the late 2010s, and as of 2026 no first-in-human trial has been publicly reported.
Levin and Daniel Dennett have pressed a stronger version of the framing, in which goal-directedness is a property found at every scale of biology rather than only in nervous systems.
statementLevin, M. and Dennett, D. "Cognition all the way down." Aeon, 2020.
Sendai virus and episomal plasmids dominate routine iPSC derivation as of 2026.
This is the practical reason that no partial-reprogramming therapy has entered human testing with published results as of 2026, and it is a specific instance of the delivery problem that constrains Somatic gene therapy as a whole.
Its most consequential adjacent text is Marc Andreessen's "The Techno-Optimist Manifesto", published in October 2023, which argues that technology is the source of all growth and that "our enemy" includes sustainability, trust and safety, tech ethics, and risk management as named categories.
statementAndreessen, M. "The Techno-Optimist Manifesto." Andreessen Horowitz, October 2023.
Left accelerationism, set out by Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams in 2013, argued instead for seizing technological capacity from capital and directing it toward post-scarcity ends.
statementSrnicek, N. and Williams, A. "#Accelerate: Manifesto for an Accelerationist Politics." Critical Legal Thinking, 2013.
A 2016 perspective essay in Cell by Eric Lander, founding director of the Broad Institute, narrated CRISPR's development in a way that many readers judged to understate Charpentier's and Doudna's contributions and to overstate the Broad's; the criticism was directed both at the handling of the evidence and at the author's position at an institution party to the dispute.
statementLander, E. S. "The Heroes of CRISPR." Cell, 2016.
The 2020 prize was awarded "for the development of a method for genome editing" and was the first science Nobel given to two women and no one else.
statementThe Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020." Press release, 2020.
An account of protocol history published in Alcor's own library dates the switch from glycerol perfusion to vitrification to late 2000, so the procedures available when he died were not those of current Brain preservation work, and no revival of a cryopreserved human has been demonstrated or is close to being demonstrated.
statementde Wolf, A. and Phaedra, C. "Advances in Cryonics Protocols, 1990–2006." Alcor Life Extension Foundation library.
Which source dominates in an individual older human is, as of 2026, not measurable, and that is the practical obstacle to acting on the geroscience version of the argument.
US interference proceedings have repeatedly favoured the Broad on eukaryotic claims, while European decisions have favoured the Berkeley group; appeals have continued into the mid-2020s and the American position remains unsettled as of 2026.
The clinical translation has been slower than the 2012 excitement implied: as of 2026 a small number of CRISPR-based medicines are approved or in late-stage trials, most of them ex vivo cell therapies or liver-targeted in vivo treatments, and the delivery problem she flagged early remains the reason the list is short.
A group of prominent biologists publicly criticized the handling of the case, and eighty-three of them signed a letter to Science arguing that the settlement terms had not been disclosed and should be.
statementBernard L. Strehler et al. "Hayflick–NIH Settlement." Science 215, no. 4529 (1982): 240.
As of mid-2026 no Loyal product is on sale, conditionally or otherwise; the file is an active one and may have moved since.
In late 2023 the Center for Veterinary Medicine concluded that Loyal's data met the reasonable expectation of effectiveness requirement for a lifespan indication, and reached the same conclusion for LOY-002 in 2025.
statementLoyal (Cellular Longevity, Inc.). Company announcement that FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine accepted a reasonable expectation of effectiveness for a canine lifespan indication, November 2023.
statementLoyal (Cellular Longevity, Inc.). Company announcement of a reasonable expectation of effectiveness finding for LOY-002, 2025.
As of 2026 it exists as a set of within-session experiments in patients who already have electrodes implanted for epilepsy surgery, with reported effects on laboratory memory tasks and no chronic device in anyone.
The published competition guidelines specify the population, the treatment window and the scoring of each domain.
statementXPRIZE Foundation. "XPRIZE Healthspan: Competition Guidelines." XPRIZE Foundation, 2023.
As of 2026 no human has been supported by an artificial womb, and no clinical trial has been publicly reported as having enrolled a participant.
In February 2025 a summit returned to the same conference grounds for the fiftieth anniversary, and closed by publishing a set of signed entreaties rather than a single agreed framework.
statement"The Spirit of Asilomar and the Future of Biotechnology." Summit held at the Asilomar Conference Grounds, Pacific Grove, California, 23–26 February 2025; entreaties archived by Rice University.
The organising committee of the third international summit on human genome editing reported in 2023 that heritable editing remained unacceptable because neither the governance frameworks nor the safety standards for it were in place — a professional body describing, half a century after Asilomar, the limits of what professional bodies can settle.
statementOrganising Committee of the Third International Summit on Human Genome Editing. "Statement from the Organising Committee." London, March 2023.
Since late 2022 de Grey has led the Longevity Escape Velocity Foundation, announced at the Longevity Summit Dublin that year.
statementLongevity Escape Velocity Foundation, levf.org.
That promise remains unredeemed for the nearest existing analogue: the organising committee of the 2023 international summit on human genome editing described the cost of licensed somatic gene therapies as unsustainable and called for a commitment to affordable access, and one manufacturer withdrew an approved therapy from the German market in 2021 after reimbursement negotiations failed, later winding down its European operations altogether. Access and inequality examines the record.
statementOrganising Committee of the Third International Summit on Human Genome Editing. "Statement from the Organising Committee." London, March 2023.
statementbluebird bio. Announcement of the withdrawal of Zynteglo from the German market following reimbursement negotiations, April 2021, and of the wind-down of the company's European operations, October 2021.
The organising committee of the 2023 summit reported that heritable editing remained unacceptable, on the ground that neither the safety standards nor the governance frameworks for it were in place.
statementOrganising Committee of the Third International Summit on Human Genome Editing. "Statement from the Organising Committee." London, March 2023.
The institute lists 26 faculty and research professors, alongside a graduate programme and a translational arm intended to move findings toward companies.
statementBuck Institute for Research on Aging. "Leadership" and "Faculty." buckinstitute.org, accessed August 2026.
Brian Kennedy, a yeast geneticist known for work on the genetics of lifespan, led it during the first half of the 2010s, and Eric Verdin, an immunologist and metabolism researcher, has been president and chief executive since late 2016, with the autophagy researcher Malene Hansen serving as chief scientific officer.
statementBuck Institute for Research on Aging. "Leadership" and "Faculty." buckinstitute.org, accessed August 2026.
When the institute opened, it was the only place doing this work at scale; as of 2026 several private companies have larger budgets and can pay more.
As of 2026 nobody has shown that this buys enough in a patient to outweigh a material that dissolves in blood, and the CRISPR–Cas9 era has meanwhile demonstrated how much can be achieved with delivery vehicles that have no internal architecture at all.
The Dog Aging Project is a long-term study of aging in companion dogs, anchored at the University of Washington and Texas A&M University, that has enrolled more than 50,000 pet dogs since opening in late 2019.
statementTexas A&M University. "Dog Aging Project Receives $7 Million NIH Grant To Expand Clinical Trial Of Anti-Aging Drug." Press release, 2025.
The consortium was founded by biogerontologists Daniel Promislow and Matt Kaeberlein at the University of Washington with veterinarian Kate Creevy, now chief veterinary officer at Texas A&M. It is an academic, largely federally funded effort, distinct from the commercial canine-longevity company Loyal — a distinction press coverage frequently blurs.
statementTexas A&M University. "Dog Aging Project Receives $7 Million NIH Grant To Expand Clinical Trial Of Anti-Aging Drug." Press release, 2025.
A five-year grant from the National Institute on Aging followed in 2018, and when nationwide enrollment opened in November 2019, owner nominations exceeded the initial target within days.
statementUW Medicine Newsroom. "Calling all canines for national Dog Aging Project." University of Washington, 2019.
A 2025 grant expanded enrollment from about 170 dogs toward a target of 580, with principal investigators at Texas A&M, the University of Washington, and the University of Wisconsin, and completion scheduled for late 2029.
statementTexas A&M University. "Dog Aging Project Receives $7 Million NIH Grant To Expand Clinical Trial Of Anti-Aging Drug." Press release, 2025.
The rescue that materialized was partial and targeted: the 2025 NIH award funds TRIAD's expansion specifically, while the longitudinal cohort continues on a leaner mix of donations and institutional support.
statementTexas A&M University. "Dog Aging Project Receives $7 Million NIH Grant To Expand Clinical Trial Of Anti-Aging Drug." Press release, 2025.
No gene drive organism has been released anywhere as of 2026.
Burkina Faso's government terminated all Target Malaria activities on its territory on 22 August 2025, eleven days after a small-scale release of non-gene-drive male-biasing mosquitoes.
statementTarget Malaria. "Target Malaria activities suspended in Burkina Faso." Project statement, 2025.
In 2024 a large group of researchers published a call in Science to stop work toward mirror bacteria, arguing that such an organism could spread without the checks that constrain natural pathogens.
statementAdamala, K.P. et al. "Confronting risks of mirror life." Science, 2024.
Whether transplant benefits any condition other than recurrent C. difficile is being tested in registered trials; several indications have produced mixed or null results, and the honest position as of 2026 is that no second indication is established.
None of these is close as of 2026, and the last is shrinking rather than growing.
She stepped down in December 2024, taking the title of president emeritus, and Edward Hudgins, a policy writer and founder of the Human Achievement Alliance, became executive director, with the board announcing that it was reassessing what the organization's next challenges should be.
statementHumanity+. "Changes at Humanity+ — Our Future Path." humanityplus.org, December 2024.
As of 2026 Humanity+ continues to operate, but as a small education and advocacy body rather than the institutional centre it once was.
Its own announcement of the December 2024 leadership change put total donations raised over Vita-More's tenure at just over $400,000 — a figure that locates the organization's scale more precisely than any description could — and listed its programmes as summits, workshops and the H+ Academy webinar series.
statementHumanity+. "Changes at Humanity+ — Our Future Path." humanityplus.org, December 2024.
Its current site presents the organization as education-focused, with a webinar series, an AI advisory board, and an annual Longevity Day observance; the large conferences and H+ Magazine are described in the past tense.
statementHumanity+. humanityplus.org, accessed August 2026.
In August 2022 he moved his primary post to the National University of Singapore, where he is the Chen Su Lan Centennial Professor in Medical Ethics and directs its Centre for Biomedical Ethics, while retaining Oxford and Melbourne affiliations, including a biomedical ethics group at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute.
statement"Julian Savulescu." Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.
As of 2026 no solid vascularized organ made by any of these routes has been transplanted into a human.
The empirical position as of 2026 is unfavorable to near-term escape velocity.
At least one intervention that produces a measurable, durable reduction in age-related mortality in humans rather than mice. Reprogramming and transient OSK expression are the most-cited candidates, and neither has entered a well-powered human trial for an aging endpoint as of 2026.
No such device exists as of 2026, and none is in clinical trials.
The design tradition has produced no device and, as of 2026, no fabrication route to one.
In June 2021 two teams from the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine took first and second place with bioprinted liver tissue, and the result is the clearest demonstration that a well-specified target in this area can be met.
statementNASA. "Vascular Tissue Challenge (2016–2021)." Centennial Challenges, nasa.gov.
As of 2026 the foundation's own site presents its work as seven themed strategies — replacement parts, waste clearance, vascular restoration and the like — with the Fund as the investment vehicle and the Mprize described among its early awards.
statementMethuselah Foundation. "What We Do." mfoundation.org, accessed August 2026.
"Make 90 the new 50 by 2030" is not a testable proposition, has no operational definition in terms of Healthspan or function, and as of 2026 no route to meeting it on that timeline has been described.
The foundation still states it as its overarching goal, which its critics read as the same rhetorical looseness that characterizes the Longevity escape velocity literature more generally.
statementMethuselah Foundation. "What We Do." mfoundation.org, accessed August 2026.
The first human exposure to a partial reprogramming therapy — OSK for optic neuropathies — dosed its first participant in June 2026, in a phase 1 safety study confined to the eye.
statementLife Biosciences. "Life Biosciences Announces First Patient Dosed in Phase 1 Trial of ER-100 for Optic Neuropathies." Company announcement, 9 June 2026.
Moderna's product, intismeran autogene, encodes up to 34 of the top-ranked mutations in a single synthetic mRNA, made as a single-patient batch at the company's Massachusetts facilities and shipped to the trial site for intramuscular injection.
statementMerck and Moderna. "Merck and Moderna Announce Phase 3 INTerpath-001 Trial of Intismeran Autogene Plus KEYTRUDA Met Endpoints of Recurrence-Free Survival and Distant Metastasis-Free Survival in Patients With Completely Resected Stage IIB-IV Melanoma." Joint news release, 19 August 2026.
Merck and Moderna reported on 19 August 2026 that an independent data monitoring committee found statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in recurrence-free survival and in distant metastasis-free survival, with no new safety signals.
statementMerck and Moderna. "Merck and Moderna Announce Phase 3 INTerpath-001 Trial of Intismeran Autogene Plus KEYTRUDA Met Endpoints of Recurrence-Free Survival and Distant Metastasis-Free Survival in Patients With Completely Resected Stage IIB-IV Melanoma." Joint news release, 19 August 2026.
Fatigue, injection-site pain and chills were the common adverse events attributed to the therapy; immune-related events occurred in 45.2% of combination patients and 44% of those on pembrolizumab alone, so the mRNA did not appear to compound the checkpoint inhibitor's toxicity.
statementModerna and Merck. "Moderna and Merck Present 5-Year Data for Intismeran Autogene in Combination With KEYTRUDA (pembrolizumab) in Patients With High-Risk Stage III/IV Melanoma Following Complete Resection at the 2026 ASCO Annual Meeting." Joint news release, 1 June 2026.
The nearest published comparison is unhelpful in a specific way: at five years the phase 2b's exploratory overall-survival hazard ratio was 0.471, but on fourteen events, with a confidence interval running from 0.165 to 1.345.
statementModerna and Merck. "Moderna and Merck Present 5-Year Data for Intismeran Autogene in Combination With KEYTRUDA (pembrolizumab) in Patients With High-Risk Stage III/IV Melanoma Following Complete Resection at the 2026 ASCO Annual Meeting." Joint news release, 1 June 2026.
The eligible population is already defined: Merck and Moderna cite more than 330,000 melanoma diagnoses worldwide in 2022, and pembrolizumab is approved in the United States as adjuvant therapy after complete resection of stage IIB, IIC or III disease.
statementModerna and Merck. "Moderna and Merck Present 5-Year Data for Intismeran Autogene in Combination With KEYTRUDA (pembrolizumab) in Patients With High-Risk Stage III/IV Melanoma Following Complete Resection at the 2026 ASCO Annual Meeting." Joint news release, 1 June 2026.
Moderna and Merck listed nine phase 2 and phase 3 trials of intismeran autogene as of mid-2026, across melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma.
None had reported.
statementModerna and Merck. "Moderna and Merck Present 5-Year Data for Intismeran Autogene in Combination With KEYTRUDA (pembrolizumab) in Patients With High-Risk Stage III/IV Melanoma Following Complete Resection at the 2026 ASCO Annual Meeting." Joint news release, 1 June 2026.
No prime editing product is approved anywhere as of 2026.
What would settle the platform's case is durability measured in years and a second indication, and as of 2026 neither exists.
The Progeria Research Foundation, which maintains the international registry, had identified 163 people living with the syndrome as of mid-2026, and 223 counting the related progeroid laminopathies, spread across 55 countries.
statementThe Progeria Research Foundation. "Quick Facts About Progeria", "Clinical Trials", and "PRF Partnership with Forge Biologics", 2026.
Later trials combined lonafarnib with other agents, including everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor in the same class as Rapamycin, and a trial of a progerin-binding compound alongside lonafarnib was enrolling in 2026.
statementThe Progeria Research Foundation. "Quick Facts About Progeria", "Clinical Trials", and "PRF Partnership with Forge Biologics", 2026.
The foundation's candidate, an AAV-delivered base editor, was contracted to a manufacturer for clinical-grade production in March 2026, and the foundation describes manufacturing, engagement with the FDA, and protocol development as the steps still standing between the programme and a first trial.
statementThe Progeria Research Foundation. "Quick Facts About Progeria", "Clinical Trials", and "PRF Partnership with Forge Biologics", 2026.
In 2012 he joined Google as a director of engineering working on natural-language understanding; his own biography now gives his title there as principal researcher and AI visionary.
statement"About Ray Kurzweil." thesingularityisnearer.com, the author biography for the 2024 book.
Kurzweil's central claim is that evolutionary and technological processes that use their own outputs as inputs improve at an exponential rather than linear rate, and that the rate of exponential improvement itself increases.
statementKurzweil, R. "The Law of Accelerating Returns." Essay, 2001.
Kurzweil has published self-assessments of his own forecasts, scoring the large majority of the 147 predictions he made in 1999 for 2009 as correct or "essentially correct".
statementKurzweil, R. "How My Predictions Are Faring." Essay, October 2010.
Azelaprag, an oral apelin-receptor agonist developed by BioAge Labs on the rationale that apelin is an exercise-induced signal that declines with age, had shown prevention of muscle atrophy during bed rest in a small phase 1b study; its phase 2 obesity trial alongside tirzepatide was discontinued in December 2024 after liver-enzyme elevations in the azelaprag arms.
statementBioAge Labs. "BioAge Labs Announces Discontinuation of STRIDES Phase 2 Clinical Trial Evaluating Azelaprag in Combination with Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obesity." Press release, December 2024.
As of 2026 no regulator has approved any drug for sarcopenia.
Two questions dominate the research agenda as of 2026.
What exists as of 2026 is a body of scaling results showing that model loss falls predictably with compute, parameters, and data over many orders of magnitude, and a record of rapid gains on benchmarks that were designed to be hard.
Progress on it as of 2026 is real but partial, and its interpretation is disputed by people with access to the same evidence.
As of 2026 nobody has claimed to have done it.
Half went to David Baker for computational protein design; the other half was shared by Demis Hassabis and John Jumper for structure prediction.
statementRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024." Press release, 2024.
As of 2026 no de novo designed protein has been approved anywhere as a therapeutic drug.
As of October 2026 every demonstration of an artificial neuron coupled to living tissue has been an acute laboratory experiment in cells, brain slices or anaesthetized animals, and no study has reported implanting one in a person.
As of October 2026 it anchors what its partners call the largest coordinated commitment yet to generating data for Virtual cell models, on the premise that data is what such models lack.
As of October 2026 the Initiative lists Alex Rives as head of science, with site heads in San Francisco (Scott Fraser), Chicago (Shana Kelley) and New York (Andrea Califano).
It received $600 million over a decade, a building beside UCSF's Mission Bay campus, and two co-directors, the UCSF biochemist Joseph DeRisi and the Stanford bioengineer Stephen Quake. Jennifer Doudna and Robert Tjian of UC Berkeley took advisory roles.
statementAnwar, Y. "Chan, Zuckerberg pledge $3B to end diseases 'within our children's lifetime'." Berkeley News, University of California, Berkeley, 22 September 2016.
The same day Biohub announced that the team of EvolutionaryScale, a public-benefit AI company that builds protein language models, was joining, with its co-founder and chief scientist Alex Rives as head of science, and that it would expand computing capacity tenfold to 10,000 GPUs by 2028.
statementBiohub. "Biohub Launches First Large-Scale Scientific Initiative Combining Frontier AI with Frontier Biology to Cure or Prevent Disease." Press release, PR Newswire, 6 November 2025.
Its 2025 announcement also listed in-house models including rBio, a language model trained to reason about cell biology using virtual-cell simulators as a source of reward; like TranscriptFormer, it was described in a preprint rather than a peer-reviewed paper.
statementBiohub. "Biohub Launches First Large-Scale Scientific Initiative Combining Frontier AI with Frontier Biology to Cure or Prevent Disease." Press release, PR Newswire, 6 November 2025.
It promised to make the data openly and freely available.
statementBiohub. "Biohub Launches the Virtual Biology Initiative to Galvanize a Global Effort to Create the Open Data Foundation for AI-Accelerated Biology." Press release, 29 April 2026.
Google DeepMind, Isomorphic Labs and Meta are collectively investing $300 million, with no breakdown given; NVIDIA supplies computing infrastructure and Renaissance Philanthropy is helping raise further funds.
statementBiohub. "International, cross-sector collaboration commits nearly $2 billion to build foundational data for AI models to predict and treat disease." Press release, 7 October 2026.
Unresolved as of 2026.
What its partners call the largest coordinated effort to supply the missing measurements is aimed at that level rather than at people: in October 2026 Biohub, the US Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health expanded the Virtual Biology Initiative, a programme to generate open, AI-ready data on how cells respond to perturbation, into a package the partners value at $1.8 billion, part of it existing federal datasets rather than new money.
statementBiohub. "International, cross-sector collaboration commits nearly $2 billion to build foundational data for AI models to predict and treat disease." Press release, 7 October 2026.
As of October 2026 no molecule it designed has been given to a person, so the clinical value of its approach is still untested.
By late 2025 the company reported more than 300 staff across London, Lausanne and Cambridge, Massachusetts.
statementIsomorphic Labs. "Isomorphic Labs to appoint Max Jaderberg as President." Press release, 26 November 2025.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry that Hassabis and John Jumper shared that October, with David Baker, honoured AlphaFold 2 and named both men as Google DeepMind researchers.
statementRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024." Press release, 9 October 2024.
The release gives no breakdown of the $300 million among the three companies.
statementBiohub. "International, cross-sector collaboration commits nearly $2 billion to build foundational data for AI models to predict and treat disease." Press release, 7 October 2026.
The announcement gave no valuation.
statementIsomorphic Labs. "Isomorphic Labs secures $2.1 Billion funding to scale its AI drug design engine." Press release, 12 May 2026.
As of October 2026 the company had not announced a first dosing.
The largest cause of clinical failure is lack of efficacy, which better structures and affinity predictions do not directly address, and as of 2026 no AI-designed drug from any company has been approved.
The questions are straightforward and unanswered as of October 2026: whether oral MgT raises magnesium in the human brain, whether its cognitive effect survives a trial its makers do not fund, and whether it does anything for older adults that matters outside a test battery.
Arc Institute's State was trained on observational data from 167 million cells and perturbational data from over 100 million more, spanning seventy human cell contexts.
statementArc Institute. "Arc Institute's first virtual cell model: State," June 2025; and "Virtual Cell Challenge 2025 Wrap-Up: Winners and Reflections," December 2025.
The largest bet on that premise came in 2026. Biohub, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative's science organisation, launched the Virtual Biology Initiative in April with $500 million over five years, $400 million of it for data generation and new measurement technology and $100 million for outside groups, and said the data it generates would be open and freely available.
statementBiohub. "Biohub Launches the Virtual Biology Initiative to Galvanize a Global Effort to Create the Open Data Foundation for AI-Accelerated Biology." Press release, 29 April 2026.
The figure combines Biohub's original commitment, more than $500 million of planned DOE spending over five years, routed through the federal Genesis Mission for AI in science, NIH datasets built through more than $500 million of earlier federal investment, which add data rather than new money, and $300 million from Google DeepMind, Isomorphic Labs and Meta, with NVIDIA supplying computing infrastructure.
statementBiohub. "International, cross-sector collaboration commits nearly $2 billion to build foundational data for AI models to predict and treat disease." Press release, 7 October 2026.
In August 2026 GenBio AI, founded in 2024 with headquarters in Palo Alto and laboratories in Paris and Abu Dhabi, previewed AIDO Cell, which the company describes as a world model of the human cell spanning DNA, RNA, protein, regulatory networks and whole-cell behaviour in one system, covering the K562 and HepG2 tumour-derived cell lines.
statementGenBio AI. "AIDO Cell: A General-Purpose Simulator for Cell Biology." Preview announcement, 18 August 2026.
No peer-reviewed description of AIDO Cell had appeared as of late August 2026, and the announcement reported no prospective experimental test.
Applications in aging biology are frequently proposed, since Cellular senescence and the other Hallmarks of aging are cell-level phenomena, though the shortage of validated readouts limits what a prediction could be checked against. Altos Labs took the generalist prize in the 2025 challenge, which indicates where some of the interest is coming from.
statementArc Institute. "Arc Institute's first virtual cell model: State," June 2025; and "Virtual Cell Challenge 2025 Wrap-Up: Winners and Reflections," December 2025.
Its stated rationale is the proponents' side of the argument set out below, that data is the binding constraint, put by Biohub's head of science as a need for "orders of magnitude more data than exists today".
statementBiohub. "Biohub Launches the Virtual Biology Initiative to Galvanize a Global Effort to Create the Open Data Foundation for AI-Accelerated Biology." Press release, 29 April 2026.
Neither announcement names a licence beyond calling the result an open resource, gives a date for releasing data, describes how consent and access will be governed for the human donors whose cells and records are pooled, or mentions misuse.
statementBiohub. "Biohub Launches the Virtual Biology Initiative to Galvanize a Global Effort to Create the Open Data Foundation for AI-Accelerated Biology." Press release, 29 April 2026.
statementBiohub. "International, cross-sector collaboration commits nearly $2 billion to build foundational data for AI models to predict and treat disease." Press release, 7 October 2026.
As of August 2026 several AI-derived candidates have entered phase 1 and phase 2 trials, the first small molecule among them has begun phase 3, and none has been approved; the one positive phase 3 readout claimed for the field comes from a therapy in which the algorithmic step is antigen selection rather than molecule design.
The company built most directly on AlphaFold is Isomorphic Labs, the Alphabet spin-out from DeepMind that co-developed AlphaFold 3; despite partnerships with three large drug companies, none of its molecules had entered a human trial as of October 2026.
Anthropic reported in October 2026 on research partnerships with six drug developers — BigHat Biosciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Divergence Labs, Enveda, Generate Biomedicines and The Column Group — and on programmes of its own, having acquired Mithril Medicine, a one-person company working on two rare forms of muscular dystrophy whose founder had used the company's Claude models to coordinate experiments across eleven external laboratories.
statementAnthropic. "Early progress on accelerating drug development with Claude." Company blog post, October 27, 2026, with the accompanying technical report by Tranbarger, C. and Mithril Medicine on a bispecific bridging antibody for LAMA2-related congenital muscular dystrophy, October 26, 2026.
In July 2026 the company announced the start of a 320-patient, 52-week randomized placebo-controlled phase 3 trial in China, the first phase 3 for a small molecule whose target and structure were both machine-nominated; no data from it exist.
statementInsilico Medicine. "Insilico Initiates Phase III Clinical Trial for Rentosertib, Its AI-Empowered TNIK Inhibitor for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis." Press release, July 2026.
A designed nanoparticle scaffold is a component of a COVID-19 vaccine approved in South Korea, but as of 2026 no de novo designed protein has been approved anywhere as a therapeutic drug.
The claim is topline, from an interim analysis, and detailed data had not been released as of late August 2026.
statementMerck and Moderna. "Merck and Moderna Announce Phase 3 INTerpath-001 Trial of Intismeran Autogene Plus KEYTRUDA Met Endpoints of RFS and DMFS in Patients With Completely Resected Stage IIB–IV Melanoma." Joint press release, August 19, 2026.
Each course is built by sequencing the patient's tumour and encoding up to 34 of its mutations, selected by what Moderna describes as a proprietary algorithm developed with Merck.
statementModerna. "Exploring One Medicine for One Patient: Individualized Neoantigen Therapies." Company blog post, 2023.
Repurposing hopes have fared worse: two large trials of oral semaglutide in early Alzheimer's, the most prominent test of the idea that GLP-1 receptor agonists might protect the aging brain, reported no slowing of decline in late 2025.
statementNovo Nordisk. Headline results announcement for the evoke and evoke+ trials of oral semaglutide in early Alzheimer's disease, 2025.
Its implementing rules took effect in July 2026, so as of October 2026 the scheme has little operating record.
The clinical side was led, as of 2023, by Oliver Zolman, a 29-year-old Cambridge-based doctor with a degree in regenerative medicine, who heads what Fortune described as "a team of 30-plus doctors and health experts".
His original protocol site described Blueprint as "an algorithm that takes better care of me than I can myself", and set out a principle that his "mind", which he regards as prone to impulse, is "unauthorized" to make food decisions; instead his heart, liver, lungs "and my other 70+ organs" are to "speak for themselves" through measurement.
statementJohnson, B. Original Blueprint protocol site, preserved as "protocol-archive", protocol-museum.bryanjohnson.com.
Described at the level of categories, the 2026 version of the protocol comprises:
statementJohnson, B. "Bryan's Protocol." protocol.bryanjohnson.com, relaunched January 2026.
The site presents itself as describing one man's choices rather than a prescription, and states that many of its therapies are off-label, unlicensed or still under investigation.
statementJohnson, B. "Bryan's Protocol." protocol.bryanjohnson.com, relaunched January 2026.
Johnson describes himself as "certainly the most biologically measured person ever", and his sites list blood panels, imaging, fitness tests, sleep data, and organ-by-organ estimates of Biological age.
statementJohnson, B. "Bryan's Protocol." protocol.bryanjohnson.com, relaunched January 2026.
His archived site reported a pace of aging of 0.69 at chronological age 46 and later 0.53, measured with DunedinPACE, an Epigenetic clocks built to estimate years of biological aging per calendar year, and claimed first place on the Rejuvenation Olympics, a public leaderboard of such scores.
statementJohnson, B. Original Blueprint protocol site, preserved as "protocol-archive", protocol-museum.bryanjohnson.com.
It also reports longer telomeres and lower inflammatory markers after twelve weeks of hyperbaric oxygen.
statementJohnson, B. "Bryan's Protocol." protocol.bryanjohnson.com, relaunched January 2026.
The site itself states that its biological-age claims are "preliminary", that the tests are "experimental and intended solely for research purposes", and that the protocol "represents an experimental clinical research project" whose results "will be periodically published in peer-reviewed journals".
statementJohnson, B. "Bryan's Protocol." protocol.bryanjohnson.com, relaunched January 2026.
As of October 2026, no peer-reviewed paper or preprint by the Blueprint team reporting the regimen's outcomes is indexed in PubMed or Europe PMC.
His archived site justifies the follistatin therapy, a form of Myostatin inhibition delivered as gene therapy, by a lifespan result in mice.
statementJohnson, B. Original Blueprint protocol site, preserved as "protocol-archive", protocol-museum.bryanjohnson.com.
A BCI is therefore useful mainly to people whose ordinary output path is broken, and as of 2026 every serious clinical result comes from that population: participants with tetraplegia, brainstem stroke, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
He and his team concluded that "the benefits of lifelong dosing of Rapamycin do not justify the hefty side-effects", which he listed as intermittent skin and soft-tissue infections, lipid abnormalities, raised glucose and a higher resting heart rate.
statementJohnson, B. "I stopped taking rapamycin." Blueprint blog, 2024.
He co-created the Rejuvenation Olympics, a public leaderboard ranking entrants by a pace-of-aging blood test, and has been ranked first on it; as of October 2026 the leaderboard listed him first with a DunedinPACE of 0.50.
As of October 2026 no consumer clock is an approved diagnostic test.
In a 2025 post he reported a single reading of 0.48 and an average of 0.54 across three tests, described this as the world's slowest speed of aging, and said he chose the metric for "the robustness and reliability of the signal it measures".
statementJohnson, B. "My Birthday Happens Every 2 Years." Blueprint blog, 2025.
As of 2026 the animal results are real and the human record consists almost entirely of unregulated self-experimentation.
In 2025 the company began two further single-arm studies, of a klotho plasmid and of klotho combined with follistatin, each enrolling 14 people; as of October 2026 neither had posted results.
That CSF enters brain tissue along blood vessels is well supported in rodents; whether fluid actually flows through the tissue, and whether sleep speeds it up, remain disputed as of October 2026.
As of October 2026 Kernel sells Flow to researchers and offers "brain age" scans through a few longevity clinics; no Kernel product is cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration to diagnose or treat disease.
In 2023 Johnson handed the chief executive role to Ryan Field, until then chief technology officer, and stayed on as chairman, saying the company would focus next on depression and cognitive decline.
statementJohnson, B. LinkedIn post announcing that Ryan Field would take over as Kernel's chief executive, 7 March 2023. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/bryanrjohnson_a-new-era-for-exploring-the-brain-activity-7038904803485245442-yFYh
A 2021 SPIE conference paper describes it as a whole-head system; as of October 2026 Kernel's product listings offer only Flow-based systems.
Kernel said in late 2025 that it expected a full readout by the end of that year.
statementKernel. "Defining the future of brain health." Fall 2025 company newsletter, October 2025. https://www.kernel.com/newsletter/2025fall.html
As of October 2026 the registry lists the study as still enrolling, with no results posted.
Five clinics were offering scans that autumn.
statementKernel. "Defining the future of brain health." Fall 2025 company newsletter, October 2025. https://www.kernel.com/newsletter/2025fall.html
As of 2026 the human evidence consists of small studies with heterogeneous protocols, and the dose-response relationship is not well characterized.
The company's subsequent lead, UBX1325 (foselutoclax), a BCL-xL inhibitor injected into the eye for diabetic macular edema, has produced phase 2 data the company describes as favourable; an independent confirmatory trial had not been published as of 2026.
Every result above is from mice, and no immune-based senolytic had reported data in people as of October 2026.
Immorta Bio said in October 2026 that it had completed preclinical studies of SenoMune-0257, a synthetic nine-amino-acid peptide it identified using artificial intelligence to stimulate cytotoxic T cells against senescent cells, and that it expected initial human evaluation before the end of the year; no peer-reviewed data on the peptide had been published as of October 2026.
statementImmorta Bio. "Immorta Bio Pioneers AI-Designed Senolytic Immunotherapy Targeting Diseases of Aging." Press release, PR Newswire, 12 October 2026.
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