Loading
117 of the 205 articles here answer one question in a single sentence on the record: what has been demonstrated in a person, as distinct from in a mouse, a monkey, or a dish. Read one article at a time, it is a line in an infobox. Read across the corpus, it is a map of how much of this subject has ever been near a human being.
One sentence per article, as its author wrote it: what has been demonstrated in a person, as distinct from in an animal or in cells.
Showing 117 of 117 sentences
Licensed AAV products treat inherited retinal dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy and haemophilia in people; the same clinical record shows capsid immunity blocking redosing and fatal liver injury at high systemic doses.
Several AI-derived candidates have reached phase 1 and phase 2 trials in people; as of mid-2026 none has completed phase 3 or been approved, and the largest clinical success is a repurposed existing drug.
A computationally designed nanoparticle scaffold is a component of a COVID-19 vaccine approved for use in people in South Korea, and a designed cytokine mimic reached early-phase human trials; no de novo designed protein is approved as a therapeutic.
Trials of cell-free haemoglobin carriers in people showed excess mortality and myocardial infarction across sixteen studies; the human data on cultured red cells are small tagged-volume transfusions in volunteers.
Randomized trials in adults with advanced heart failure show left ventricular assist devices improve survival, the magnetically levitated pump holding its advantage at five years; total artificial hearts rest on bridge-to-transplant series.
No human has been supported by a modern system and no trial has enrolled anyone; the results are from preterm lambs, and 1960s perfusion of previable human fetuses produced no survivors.
The pathway itself is established in human cells, but autophagic flux cannot be measured in a living person, and every lifespan result comes from yeast, worms, flies and mice.
All human use is early-phase or one-off: base-edited donor T cells were given to a teenager with relapsed leukaemia in 2022, in vivo liver editing has lowered cholesterol in early trials, and a bespoke editor was dosed into one infant.
The measures are built and tested in human cohorts, where several predict mortality; none is accepted by a regulator as a surrogate endpoint, and different measures in the same person agree only weakly.
The regional claims rest on retrospective age records in places with incomplete birth registration; the best-documented case, the Adventist cohort at Loma Linda, enrolled living people with verified ages.
Verification is from rabbit and pig brains only; no preserved human brain has been assessed the same way, and no preserved brain of any species has been scanned and shown to yield a working model.
All human demonstrations are non-invasive: volunteers have exchanged roughly one bit per trial through scalp EEG and magnetic stimulation, and no healthy person has been implanted for this purpose.
Implanted arrays have given research participants with paralysis cursor control, robotic-arm use and conversational-rate speech decoding; no implanted BCI has been shown to improve any capability in a healthy person.
CALERIE, the only randomized trial in healthy non-obese adults, ran two years at roughly half the intended restriction and moved cardiometabolic and immune markers; no human lifespan data exist, and the two rhesus studies disagree.
Incidence rises steeply with age in every human population measured and US mortality rates have fallen by about a third since 1991; the claim that slowing aging would lower cancer risk has not been tested in people.
In single-arm trials with no control group, most sickle cell recipients went at least twelve months without a vaso-occlusive crisis and most thalassaemia recipients stopped transfusions; follow-up is short.
The arrest was first described in cultured human fibroblasts and the markers appear in aged human tissue; every result showing that clearing senescent cells extends life is from mice, and randomized senolytic trials have not yet shown clinical benefit.
Crews have lived for months on regenerated air and water aboard the ISS and in sealed ground facilities such as BIOS-3; no flown system has closed the food loop, and essentially every calorie eaten in orbit was launched.
More than 700,000 people have been implanted; most postlingually deafened adults reach open-set sentence recognition in quiet, and a prospective multicentre cohort found earlier-implanted children gained spoken language faster.
Disability rates in the United States and several European countries fell through the 1980s and 1990s and then stalled, while years lived with diagnosed chronic disease rose; no national population has been shown to compress morbidity.
Synapse-resolution mapping in humans has reached one cubic millimetre of fixed cortex from a single person; complete connectomes exist only for a nematode and a fly, and no mammalian brain has been mapped in full.
The individual assays are standard clinical chemistry validated in people; no randomized trial has shown that broad panels in asymptomatic adults reduce illness or death, and trials of periodic general health checks found no mortality benefit.
Randomized trials in type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes show lower HbA1c and less hypoglycemia; no trial in people without diabetes has shown a benefit on any health outcome.
One approved medicine, Casgevy, edits a patient's own blood stem cells outside the body; in vivo editing has durably lowered the disease-causing protein in transthyretin amyloidosis, and heritable editing is unapproved in every country with a relevant law.
Fewer than a thousand people have been cryopreserved and none has been revived; no mammal has been recovered from cryogenic temperature, and the strongest whole-organ result is a vitrified rat kidney rewarmed and transplanted.
Nothing here has been applied to people; the only extinct animal ever brought to term was a cloned Pyrenean ibex that died within minutes of birth in 2003.
Acellular matrix implants are in routine surgical use in people, and a small uncontrolled study reported new muscle formation at sites of traumatic muscle loss; recellularized whole organs remain a rodent result.
Randomized trials in adults with Parkinson's disease report large gains in mobility and quality of life against best medical therapy, and the device is in routine clinical use; two randomized trials in depression were halted for futility.
Correcting a documented deficiency is established medicine, but large randomized trials in well-nourished adults have been null for cancer and cardiovascular endpoints, and beta-carotene and vitamin E raised cancer incidence in some groups.
No DNA nanostructure has entered a human trial; the strongest results are logic-gated payload release on cultured human cells and thrombin-loaded tubes that slowed tumour growth in mice.
No documented case exists of published dual-use research being used to cause mass harm; the recorded human toll is from laboratory-acquired infections and containment failures.
No part of human gestation has been sustained outside a body; the closest results are weeks of survival in preterm lambs and mouse embryos cultured to roughly half of gestation.
Almost the entire evidence base is human: epilepsy patients temporarily implanted for seizure mapping, plus single participants with paralysis or ALS who have used chronic arrays for speech, cursor and walking control.
In human clinical use since the first births from biopsied embryos in 1990: testing for a known single-gene variant reliably identifies affected embryos, while randomized trials of aneuploidy screening have not shown higher live-birth rates.
No engineered pathogen has caused a pandemic; the documented toll from deliberate or accidental release runs to dozens of deaths, chiefly the 1979 Sverdlovsk anthrax escape and the 2001 anthrax letters.
No human demonstration exists. The evidence is rare families carrying short-sleep variants, described in small pedigrees with self-report and limited cognitive testing, plus mouse models of those variants.
Built and validated in large human cohorts, where age acceleration predicts mortality and disease modestly; no trial has shown that moving a clock reading changes an outcome.
No person has been treated with reprogramming as a rejuvenation therapy: those results are from mice or cultured human cells, where transient reprogramming lowered methylation age without loss of fibroblast identity. Full reprogramming to iPSCs is separate.
Early-phase trials in chronic hepatitis B and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy are reported to have dosed patients in 2024 and 2025, with no published results; the year-long silencing results are from mice.
A randomized trial in sedentary adults aged 70 to 89 lowered incident mobility disability, and large human cohorts link fitness to lower mortality; no trial has tested lifespan.
No existential catastrophe has occurred, so the anthropogenic probabilities are stated credences rather than estimates from data; only the natural background rate is bounded, by the fossil and geological record.
No drive-carrying organism has been released anywhere as of 2026, so the human outcome claimed for the technology, reduced malaria transmission, is untested; every suppression result comes from caged mosquito populations.
No controlled trial has tested any of these constructs against aging in people; the human record is unregulated self-administration reported by press release, plus early-phase follistatin trials in muscular dystrophy.
No human has been conceived, gestated, or born beyond Earth, and no agency has studied conception in flight; the mammalian record is mouse embryos cultured in orbit and rodents flown during part of gestation.
No recoded mammal or person exists; genome recoding has been demonstrated only in bacteria, and the nearest contact with patients is investigational antibody conjugates built using non-standard amino acids.
No human has been genetically enhanced for cognition; the human data are polygenic scores whose accuracy between siblings, the comparison an embryo choice actually faces, is well below their accuracy across strangers.
No randomised trial has shown that any intervention slows human aging; the human support is observational, from long-lived families and from an Ecuadorian Laron cohort with less cancer and diabetes but no longer life.
Randomized trials in tens of thousands of adults show sustained weight loss and fewer cardiovascular events in people with overweight or obesity and established heart disease; no human trial has tested lifespan.
Nothing to observe in people: no molecular assembler or self-replicating nanomachine has been built, and the nearest documented harm from engineered nanomaterials is fibre toxicity reported in mice.
No hallmark has been shown to satisfy the framework's third criterion in humans; the amelioration results come from worms, flies and mice, and the human data are observational and correlational.
No human attempt has been made; living-subject work stops at Demikhov's 1950s dogs and White's 1970 rhesus monkeys, whose cords were never joined, and the 2017 human procedure was a rehearsal on two cadavers.
Randomized trials show short-term changes in blood pressure, vascular function and mood; the mortality findings come from an observational Finnish cohort of men, and no trial has tested lifespan or healthspan.
Nuclear transfer has produced human blastocysts and embryonic stem cell lines in culture; no human pregnancy or birth from a cloned embryo has been documented, and all live-birth data are from other mammals.
In patients, simulation is routine only for radiotherapy dose and CT-derived coronary physiology; virtual-heart ablation planning rests on small studies. No whole-body twin exists for any person.
One unsanctioned clinic case produced children from CCR5-edited embryos in 2018 and 2019; all other human work is in research embryos cultured for days, where editing is frequently mosaic and can delete or lose the target chromosome.
No human has been placed in torpor; every induced-torpor result is from mice and rats, and all human cooling to date is hypothermia imposed from outside against a defended set point.
No merged system exists at any scale; the strongest human results are intracortical implants in small numbers of people with paralysis, decoding attempted speech or handwriting at tens of words per minute.
Thymic involution, naive T-cell decline, repertoire contraction and weaker vaccine responses are all measured directly in people; every proposal to reverse them has been tested only in mice or in small uncontrolled human studies.
Between ten and thirteen million children had been born after assisted reproduction by 2018 and several million since; live-birth rates fall steeply with the age of the egg, and birth defects are modestly more common than after natural conception.
Human pluripotent cells have been carried as far as oogonia in culture and stop before meiosis; no human egg or sperm has been made in vitro, and the complete cycle exists only in mice.
Small early-phase trials in people report that iPSC-derived retinal, corneal, dopaminergic and islet grafts survive and in some cases function; none is randomized and no product has marketing approval as of mid-2026.
Inflammatory markers rise with age in essentially every human population studied and predict mortality and frailty; the causal human evidence comes from cardiovascular trials of specific anti-inflammatory drugs, not from aging endpoints.
Engineered skin, corneal and thymus tissue are approved and implanted in patients, and small trials of stem-cell-derived islets have produced insulin independence; no solid vascularized organ has been transplanted into a person.
The only human structure known to regrow after amputation is the fingertip distal to the nail bed, most reliably in children; no mammalian limb has been regenerated by any intervention.
Billions of mRNA vaccine doses and an approved siRNA drug establish that the carrier works and is tolerated in people, and a phase 1 trial showed a single infusion of an LNP-delivered CRISPR editor cut circulating transthyretin.
No intervention has been shown to slow human aging on a validated endpoint; gains in remaining life expectancy at older ages have run at roughly a year per decade, an order of magnitude short of the threshold.
The only such devices used in people are centimetre-scale magnetically steered capsule endoscopes; every therapeutic result comes from animals, flow models, or extracted tissue.
No medical nanorobot has been given to a person; the nearest devices, DNA origami containers with molecular latches, have been demonstrated in cell culture and in mice.
Within-session experiments in small numbers of epilepsy patients carrying temporary depth electrodes report better recall on laboratory tasks; no person has ever had a chronic memory implant.
The geroprotective case in people is observational, drawn from diabetes prescribing records; no randomized trial has tested a composite age-related endpoint, and two trials in older adults found it blunted the response to exercise training.
Measured directly in astronauts across decades of orbital flight and reproduced on the ground by head-down bed rest; no human data exist for sustained exposure to gravity between zero and one.
No mirror organism exists, so no person has ever been exposed to one; the nearest human exposure is to mirror-image molecules, such as the L-configured aptamers taken into clinical trials as Spiegelmers.
Falling respiratory capacity and clonally expanded mtDNA deletions are documented in aged human muscle and brain tissue; antioxidant trials in people found no mortality benefit and signals of harm.
Children have been born after the procedure in several countries; the largest reported series is eight UK births, with the mother's pathogenic mtDNA undetectable or below disease thresholds and follow-up still short.
No agent has been shown to change how a person actually treats anyone; every human result is a shift on a questionnaire or a laboratory task, measured in a single session in healthy volunteers.
Routine clinical care in human amputees since the 1960s; a randomized trial supports targeted muscle reinnervation for neuroma pain rather than for control, and osseointegrated implanted-electrode arms have been used at home by a small number of patients.
Antibody trials in muscular dystrophy and inclusion body myositis raised lean mass but missed functional endpoints; one reported a positive phase 3 in spinal muscular atrophy, and the huge-muscle phenotypes come from lifelong gene loss, not adult dosing.
Oral nicotinamide riboside reproducibly raises blood NAD+ in human trials; no trial has shown a functional benefit in healthy older adults, and the results on mitochondria and stem cell decline come from mice.
Tumour genotyping from blood is routine care, and a randomized trial used circulating tumour DNA to guide chemotherapy in stage II colon cancer; no multi-cancer blood test has been shown to reduce mortality in people.
No human study of ultrasonic neural dust has been published; the in vivo work is in anaesthetized rats and covers peripheral nerve and muscle, not cortex, while related magnetoelectric stimulators have reached first-in-human study.
Cochlear implants, deep brain stimulators and spinal cord stimulators are in routine clinical use in large patient populations; every bidirectional cortical result rests on single-digit numbers of participants.
Repetitive TMS for depression is supported by sham-controlled trials in patients and is cleared and reimbursed; tDCS enhancement studies in healthy adults are small and showed no reliable effect when pooled.
Meta-analyses in healthy adults find small effects of stimulants and modafinil on laboratory tasks; no trial has shown any nootropic improves a real-world outcome, and the racetams have almost no modern human data.
One published case report describes partial visual recovery in a patient with retinitis pigmentosa after opsin delivery to retinal ganglion cells; every use outside the eye, from engram control to cochlear and cardiac work, is in animals.
A printed autologous ear cartilage implant has been placed in patients in a microtia trial and printed skin has reached early human work; no printed solid organ has been implanted in a person or supported an animal.
Organoids grown from a patient's own biopsy are used in the Netherlands to predict that patient's response to cystic fibrosis drugs; organoid-derived cells have been transplanted only in early trials, and no organoid has replaced an organ.
Dental implants have decades of routine clinical use in millions of patients; bone-anchored limbs rest on uncontrolled patient series reporting longer prosthesis wear time and better mobility, not on randomized trials.
Human work is limited to small plasma-infusion and plasma-exchange studies reporting feasibility, biomarker shifts, and one debated subgroup result; every rejuvenation and lifespan finding is from mice.
No human trial has been published as of 2026; the human results are in cultured cells, and every in vivo result is in mice, most of them transgenic lines carrying an inducible factor cassette.
Children have been born after polygenic ranking of embryos, but no study has followed selected children to test the predicted gain; the scores are validated in adult cohorts, mostly of European ancestry.
People with spinal cord injury or stroke walk in these devices under supervision, though reviews find the evidence too thin to show an advantage over conventional gait training; the clearest measured gains are metabolic savings in healthy walkers.
Human use is one ex vivo trial in chronic granulomatous disease, which reported restored immune-cell function in a treated patient in 2025; in vivo correction has been shown only in mice.
Randomized trials in human patients report large short-term reductions in depression and PTSD symptoms, but participants and therapists almost always guess the assignment correctly, so drug and expectancy effects remain confounded.
Self-monitoring raises measured activity in people over the short term; a randomised trial of a workplace wellness programme found more self-reported exercise but no change in clinical measures or spending at 18 months.
No human trial has tested lifespan or healthspan; low-dose rapalogs improved influenza vaccine response in older adults, a phase 3 respiratory-illness trial failed, and every lifespan result is from mice and other laboratory species.
Oocyte and ovarian tissue cryopreservation are established practice in women, but no intervention has been shown to delay human menopause; the rapamycin work reports surrogate ovarian-reserve measures in a small group.
No respirocyte has been built, so none has been tested in any person or animal; the published performance figures are outputs of a 1998 physical model rather than measurements.
Devices have been implanted in blind people for over a decade; the strongest result is a 2025 European trial in which most PRIMA recipients identified letters and read words under electronic magnification.
Human data are small open-label pilots of nine to fourteen patients, one showing reduced senescent-cell markers in fat and skin, plus two randomized failures; every lifespan result is from mice.
In people only worn devices and subdermal magnets have been used; the Osnabrück magnetic-north belt produced measurable navigation and cortical changes after weeks of wear, and the biological routes to a new channel exist only in monkeys and mice.
Large prospective cohorts link both short and long habitual sleep to higher mortality, and short randomized trials of sleep extension have moved metabolic measures; no trial has tested survival.
Licensed products treat inherited retinal dystrophy, sickle cell disease and spinal muscular atrophy in people; durability varies, and clotting-factor expression after haemophilia gene therapy declines over the years after treatment.
Published results come from one or a few implanted participants, mostly with ALS or brainstem stroke; no multi-participant efficacy trial has been run and no device is approved anywhere.
Human sequencing establishes clonal hematopoiesis after 60 and a sharp fall in blood clonal diversity after about 70; the senolytic and reprogramming rejuvenation results are from mice.
Nothing has been done in a person. Human work is confined to cultured cells, and no embryo model in any species has produced a live animal after transfer to a uterus.
A small number of people with severe paralysis, mostly from ALS, have used the implant for discrete computer control over months to years; the published safety series covers four Australian participants.
Nothing has been done in a person. The built genomes are bacterial and yeast, human-directed work is confined to cultured cells, and no synthetic human chromosome exists as of 2026.
No person has received Dsup by any route. Protection has been shown only in cultured human cell lines against acute X-rays; no organism-level radioprotection has been demonstrated in a mammal.
Antibody-drug conjugates, sugar-conjugated siRNAs and reformulated carriers are approved and in routine use in patients; no approved nanomedicine's benefit is clearly attributable to EPR targeting.
Human genetics ties telomerase mutations to the short telomere syndromes, and Mendelian randomization ties inherited longer telomeres to higher cancer risk; no trial has tested telomerase therapy for aging in people.
Approved products treat burns, chronic wounds, focal knee cartilage defects, corneal burns and congenital athymia in patients; the only organ-like construct with years of human follow-up is a small bladder series.
People with paralysis have used implanted arrays under investigational device exemptions to control cursors, robotic arms and speech decoders; some implants recorded usable signals beyond a thousand days.
Dozens of live births have been reported since the first in Sweden in 2014, from both living and deceased donors; graft loss and preterm delivery are common.
Prospective studies in hundreds of thousands of people show smartwatch algorithms can flag atrial fibrillation, and a randomized trial in older adults raised diagnosis rates; no trial has shown better clinical outcomes.
No xenobot has been placed in an animal or a person; the human-cell version, anthrobots, has been tested only in culture dishes, including on sheets of cultured human neurons.
Two patients received gene-edited pig hearts and several others pig kidneys under compassionate use; every graft has failed or been removed within months, and formal kidney trials were cleared in 2025.
Human cells have been reprogrammed to iPSCs since 2007 and clinical-grade lines are made routinely; no partial-reprogramming therapy using these factors has entered human testing with published results.
Animal results are not human results. That rule is easy to state and, in prose, honoured unevenly: a paragraph can run for four sentences about a mechanism and only mention in the fifth that the lifespan data are from mice, or not mention it at all. So every technology, intervention, and risk here carries the answer as a field instead, written once, where it cannot be buried. Concepts carry it where the question applies.
What has been shown in people, as distinct from in animals or in cells. Where the honest answer is nothing, the field says nothing. Nothing on this page was written for it. Each sentence was written for an infobox, and collecting them required no new judgement — only reading 117 articles as one document. The sentences appear here exactly as their authors wrote them, because a paraphrase of an evidence claim is a different evidence claim.
The result is a view that no single article can give. Popular writing about human futures reports the finding and drops the species; here the species is the only thing kept. Read down the list and the same three shapes recur — a few things routine in millions of people, a wide middle resting on a handful of participants, and a set where the honest answer is nobody — and which shape a subject has is rarely the one its coverage implies.
22 is a floor, not a finding.It counts sentences whose opening clause negates and names people — “no person has been treated”, “nothing has been done in a person”. A sentence that says the same thing halfway through is not counted, and several do. The test reads the wording, not the world, which is why every row shows the clause that filed it and the whole sentence beside it. Where the two disagree, the sentence is right.
A negation about an outcome is deliberately excluded. “No human trial has tested lifespan” appears in articles about drugs people already take; it says an endpoint is untested, not that nobody has taken the drug. Counting those together would inflate the number and lose the distinction the sentence exists to make.
And a rich human record is not an endorsement. These sentences report what was measured, not whether it worked, whether it is worth having, or whether any reader should seek it out. Several describe trials that found harm. Readiness answers how far something has been built; open questions answers where the evidence stops. This page answers only who it was shown in.