Biohacking and grinders

Biohacking and grinders are, respectively, a loose label for do-it-yourself modification of one's own biology and the name the implant subculture within it uses for itself. The term covers activities with almost nothing in common: inserting a magnet in a fingertip, running an open-source insulin pump, taking a stack of supplements, and injecting an unapproved gene-transfer construct. What unites them is the deliberate bypassing of the institutions — clinical trials, prescribing physicians, regulators — that normally stand between a person and an intervention on their own body.

§Strands

Grinders implant hardware subdermally. The canonical devices are neodymium magnets in the fingertip, which transduce alternating magnetic fields into a felt vibration and function as a crude added sense of the kind discussed in Sensory augmentation, and glass-encapsulated RFID or NFC transponders in the web of the hand, used to open doors and pair with phones. Amal Graafstra implanted an RFID tag in 2005 and later founded a company supplying implant hardware; several thousand people, concentrated in Sweden and the United States, are thought to carry NFC implants, though no register exists. The word "grinder" was borrowed from a comic and adopted by the community around 2010.

DIY biology works with molecules rather than hardware. Community laboratories such as Genspace in New York and BioCurious in California, both founded around the turn of the 2010s, offer bench space and training to non-professionals, and the DIYbio network that formed in 2008 gave the movement a shared code of conduct.¹ Most of the work is unremarkable molecular biology. A small fraction is self-experimentation.

Open-source medicine builds tools that industry has not. The most substantial example is do-it-yourself automated insulin delivery, in which people with type 1 diabetes reverse-engineered pump communication protocols and wrote closed-loop control algorithms years before commercial systems were approved, under the slogan "we are not waiting". An open-source system of this kind was subsequently tested in a randomised controlled trial and found safe and effective.² This is the single clearest case of a biohacking project producing validated clinical benefit.

Lifestyle biohacking is the largest strand by participation and the loosest by definition: supplement regimens, continuous glucose monitors worn by people without diabetes, cold exposure and sauna use, sleep tracking, and expensive self-quantification programmes. It shades into the Nootropics market on one side and into the quantified-self movement, named by two Wired editors in 2007, on the other.³ Consumer tests reporting a Biological age have become the strand's characteristic instrument, despite measuring something whose relation to health outcomes is unsettled.

Longevity biohacking is the wealthy, data-heavy end of the lifestyle strand. Its most prominent practitioner, the software entrepreneur Bryan Johnson, follows a physician-supervised regimen of diet, supplements, medications and dense biomarker measurement, publishes it as the Blueprint protocol, and sells foods and supplements built around it. The strand reaches beyond lifestyle into experimental medicine. In 2023 Johnson completed six one-litre exchanges of plasma from young donors, one of them using plasma from his then 17-year-old son, and stopped after reporting that his biomarkers showed no benefit;⁴ the FDA had warned in 2019 that young-donor plasma infusions have no proven clinical benefit.⁵ He has also received a follistatin gene therapy from Minicircle, a company based in Próspera, a special economic zone in Honduras with its own regulatory system, where the therapy is sold to paying clients without published rigorous trial data.⁶ Critics raise four objections. A regimen followed by one person, however heavily measured, cannot separate the effect of any single component from the others or from chance. The person generating the data also profits from products it is used to promote. Offshore treatments depend on jurisdictions chosen for their permissiveness, and publicising the trips normalises that choice. And the cost puts the approach out of reach for nearly everyone, a concern treated in Access and inequality.

1. 2005
   First hobbyist RFID implant
   Amal Graafstra implants a radio-frequency tag in his hand to open doors, establishing the template for hardware implants outside medicine.
2. 2007–2008
   Quantified self and DIYbio
   The quantified-self label is coined and the DIYbio network forms, giving amateur biology a shared identity and a code of conduct.
3. 2013
   Circadia
   Grindhouse Wetware implants a Bluetooth-enabled temperature sensor in a member's forearm, installed by a body-modification artist rather than a physician.
4. 2015
   Open-source insulin delivery spreads
   Do-it-yourself closed-loop systems built from reverse-engineered pumps reach a substantial user base well ahead of approved equivalents.
5. 2017
   Self-administered gene transfer
   Josiah Zayner injects himself with a CRISPR construct targeting myostatin on stage at a synthetic-biology conference; no effect on muscle is reported and he later describes the act as a mistake.
6. 2018
   A death and a reckoning
   Aaron Traywick, who had self-administered an experimental herpes treatment in public, is found dead in a flotation tank; the episode ends the brief vogue for stunt self-dosing.
7. 2019–2020
   First targeted law
   California requires gene-therapy kits sold to consumers to carry a notice that they are not for self-administration, following a federal warning that such sales are unlawful.
8. 2023
   Longevity regimen goes public
   Bryan Johnson ends a series of young-donor plasma exchanges, one using his son's plasma, after reporting no measurable benefit to his own biomarkers.
9. 2025
   Montana licenses experimental clinics
   Montana amends its Right to Try Act to license centres offering, for payment, treatments that have passed phase 1 trials but lack FDA approval.

§The gene-editing episodes

The self-experiments that drew the most attention involved gene transfer. In 2017 Josiah Zayner, a former NASA researcher who founded a company selling molecular-biology kits, injected himself with a CRISPR–Cas9 construct intended to disrupt the myostatin gene and increase muscle mass. No effect was observed. The relevant biology, set out in Myostatin inhibition, makes that unsurprising: an intramuscular injection of naked plasmid reaches a negligible fraction of fibres, and even successful somatic gene transfer against this target has produced mass without proportional strength gains in trials. Zayner has since said the demonstration was irresponsible and that its main effect was to encourage imitation. Anti-doping authorities have treated the same constructs as a prospective cheating method rather than a hobby; see Gene doping.

The United States Food and Drug Administration stated in 2017 that the sale of gene-therapy products intended for self-administration is unlawful.⁷ California followed in 2019 with a statute requiring consumer gene-therapy kits to carry a warning against self-use, the first law written specifically for this practice.⁸ Separately, unregulated clinics and companies operating in permissive jurisdictions have supplied follistatin and telomerase constructs to paying individuals, a commercial activity distinct from the hobbyist scene but frequently confused with it; see Gene therapy for aging.

What self-experiments can and cannot show

An uncontrolled intervention on one person, with no blinding and an outcome the person is invested in, cannot establish efficacy. The self-experiment tradition in medicine — self-inoculation, self-catheterisation — produced findings because the effects were unmistakable and immediate. Nothing in the enhancement space has that property, so the epistemic value of these demonstrations is close to zero even when the participant is honest.

§Safety

Implant risks are those of any foreign body inserted without sterile technique: local infection, migration, extrusion, and allergic response to coating materials. Magnets whose parylene or silicone coating fractures cause local necrosis and must be removed. Implanted electronics complicate magnetic resonance imaging and are difficult to explant intact. Installation is usually performed by body-modification practitioners, who in most jurisdictions may not administer local anaesthetic, so procedures are done without it.

Molecular self-experiments carry the risks catalogued in clinical gene therapy with none of its safeguards: immune reaction to an adeno-associated viral vector, uncontrolled expression, contamination of preparations made outside a controlled facility, and the absence of anyone monitoring the outcome. The community's own harm-reduction norms — sterile technique, avoiding viral vectors, keeping a witness present — are unenforceable.

Because nothing is reported to any authority, the actual complication rate across the whole practice is unknown. That is itself the most reliable statement available about its safety.

§Law, governance, and the biosecurity question

Modifying one's own body is generally lawful. Selling something for that purpose usually is not, and practising medicine without a licence certainly is not; enforcement has concentrated on the sellers rather than the users. Consent law imposes an outer limit that surprises many participants: in England and Wales, the Court of Appeal has held that consent is not a defence to charges arising from serious body modification performed by a non-medical practitioner, a ruling discussed further in Morphological freedom.

The biosecurity concern attached to community laboratories has been examined repeatedly and has consistently been judged low. Amateur laboratories lack the tacit skill and the equipment for anything dangerous, and the community has cooperated with law enforcement since the late 2000s. Analysts of citizen science have argued that the more realistic policy problem is not amateur bioterror but an absence of any route by which useful amateur work — the insulin systems, for instance — can be evaluated and adopted.⁹ The genuinely serious version of the biosecurity question concerns commercial DNA synthesis and design tools rather than garages, and is treated in Dual-use research of concern.

One US state has begun to open a lawful domestic route to some unapproved interventions. Montana's Senate Bill 535, signed in May 2025, amends the state's Right to Try Act to cover "experimental treatments" that have completed phase 1 of a clinical trial but lack FDA approval, lets providers charge for them, and creates a state licence for experimental treatment centres.¹⁰ A patient qualifies by considering approved options, obtaining a provider's recommendation, and giving written consent; terminal illness is not required. Phase 1 trials test safety in small groups and do not establish efficacy, a point the law's critics have pressed. Its implementing rules took effect in July 2026, so as of October 2026 the scheme has little operating record.

§Criticism and standing

Mainstream bioethics treats the movement's central claim — that individuals should be able to accept risk on their own behalf — as reasonable in principle and badly executed in practice. It is the same claim that organises the wider debate over Human enhancement, stripped of the institutional framing that debate usually assumes, and it is assessed in Bioethics of enhancement. The objection is not paternalism but that self-experimenters generate no usable knowledge, expose themselves to harms they cannot assess, and, when they perform for cameras, recruit others with less understanding. The disability-rights critique in Disability rights and enhancement adds that the subculture's framing of the body as a platform to be upgraded sits awkwardly with the experience of people whose bodies are already objects of medical intervention they did not choose.

Within the transhumanist tradition the movement occupies an ambiguous position. It is the only strand that acts rather than argues, and the actions have produced one validated medical technology and a series of failed stunts. The interesting question is why the ratio is that way: the insulin work succeeded because it targeted a well-characterised control problem with an immediate, measurable endpoint, and every failed enhancement self-experiment has targeted a diffuse outcome measurable only over years. Whether any enhancement goal has the first shape is unclear, and if none does, the practice has a ceiling that no amount of nerve will raise.

§See also

• Human enhancement
• Morphological freedom
• Sensory augmentation
• Gene therapy for aging
• Nootropics
• Somatic gene therapy
• Dual-use research of concern
• Transhumanism

§References