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Machines wired into nervous systems: brain–computer interfaces, implants, prosthetics, and the bandwidth problem that limits all of them.
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Systems that link one nervous system to another by decoding activity from a sender and delivering stimulation to a receiver, so far at rates of a few bits per minute.
A system that measures nervous-system activity, decodes an intention or state from it, and converts that decoded signal into a command for an external device.
An implanted device that restores a functional sense of hearing by stimulating the auditory nerve with electrical pulses, bypassing the ear's damaged hair cells.
A wearable sensor that reports glucose in the fluid between cells every few minutes, well established in diabetes and of unproven value to people without it.
A surgical therapy in which implanted electrodes deliver continuous electrical pulses to specific deep brain structures to suppress the symptoms of movement and psychiatric disorders.
Brain–computer interfaces that record from electrode arrays resting on the cortical surface rather than penetrating it, trading single-neuron resolution for stability and coverage.
The proposal that humans and artificial intelligence will form a single cognitive system rather than remaining separate agents that merely use one another.
An implanted device intended to restore or improve memory formation by supplying the pattern of neural activity a damaged or underperforming hippocampus fails to generate.
The question of what can be inferred about a person's mental states from neural and physiological recordings, and what protection that information should receive.
Externally powered artificial limbs controlled by electrical activity recorded from the wearer's residual muscles, the dominant design for powered upper-limb prostheses.
The inference of a stimulus, intention, or mental state from measured neural activity, and the statistical machinery that makes brain–computer interfaces work.
A proposed class of millimetre-scale wireless implants powered and read out by ultrasound, intended to replace tethered electrode arrays with distributed untethered sensors.
American neurotechnology company founded in 2016 developing a wireless implanted brain–computer interface with flexible electrode threads inserted by a surgical robot.
The engineering field that builds devices interfacing directly with the nervous system to restore lost sensory, motor, cognitive, or autonomic function.
A proposed set of human rights covering mental privacy, cognitive liberty, and mental integrity, drafted in response to brain-recording and brain-stimulation technology.
Techniques that alter neural excitability through the intact skull or peripheral nerves — magnetic, electrical, and ultrasonic — without surgery or implanted hardware.
A technique that makes selected neurons light-sensitive by expressing microbial opsin genes in them, allowing their activity to be switched on or off on a millisecond timescale.
Implanted devices that restore rudimentary vision to blind people by electrically stimulating surviving retinal neurons or, more invasively, the visual cortex.
Devices and biological modifications that route information the body cannot normally detect into a channel the brain can learn to read.
A brain–computer interface that reconstructs intended speech from motor cortex activity, producing text or synthesized voice for people who cannot speak.
An endovascular brain–computer interface in which a stent carrying electrodes is delivered through the jugular vein into a vein overlying the motor cortex.
A neurotechnology company developing an endovascular brain–computer interface implanted through a blood vessel rather than by opening the skull.
A silicon microelectrode array of 100 needles on a 10-by-10 grid, the standard sensor for chronic single-neuron recording in human brain–computer interface research.
Consumer devices worn on the wrist or finger that continuously record pulse waveforms, movement, and skin temperature, and infer heart rhythm, sleep, and activity from them.