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categories: ["cybernetics", "foundations"]categories: ["cybernetics", "foundations"]tags: ["bci", "neurotechnology", "paralysis", "neural decoding", "implants", "assistive technology"]tags: ["bci", "neurotechnology", "paralysis", "neural decoding", "implants", "assistive technology"]summary: "A system that measures nervous-system activity, decodes an intention or state from it, and converts that decoded signal into a command for an external device."summary: "A system that measures nervous-system activity, decodes an intention or state from it, and converts that decoded signal into a command for an external device."updated: "2026-10-27"updated: "2026-10-28"humanEvidence: "Implanted arrays have given research participants with paralysis cursor control, robotic-arm use and conversational-rate speech decoding; no implanted BCI has been shown to improve any capability in a healthy person."humanEvidence: "Implanted arrays have given research participants with paralysis cursor control, robotic-arm use and conversational-rate speech decoding; no implanted BCI has been shown to improve any capability in a healthy person."access: "No implanted BCI is approved by any regulator; the only route is enrolment in an early feasibility trial. Consumer EEG headsets are sold freely as wellness devices."access: "No implanted BCI is approved by any regulator; the only route is enrolment in an early feasibility trial. Consumer EEG headsets are sold freely as wellness devices."reversibility: "difficult"reversibility: "difficult"lines 90–96 → 90–9675 unchanged lines not shown
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy and functional MRI measure haemodynamics rather thanFunctional near-infrared spectroscopy and functional MRI measure haemodynamics rather thanelectrical activity, and are therefore limited by the seconds-long delay of the blood-oxygenelectrical activity, and are therefore limited by the seconds-long delay of the blood-oxygenresponse. fMRI remains valuable for decoding research precisely because it covers the whole brain,response. fMRI remains valuable for decoding research precisely because it covers the whole brain,but a scanner is not a wearable device. Consumer EEG headsets sit at the weakest endbut a scanner is not a wearable device. Time-domain fNIRS, which times returning photons to gain depth sensitivity, has been built into a whole-head wearable helmet by [[kernel]], whose first-generation Kernel Flow weighed about 2 kg and was benchmarked mainly on optical phantoms and a two-person finger-tapping task.[^ban2022] Kernel sells it for research and brain-health measurement rather than for device control. Consumer EEG headsets sit at the weakest endof the spectrum, typically with a handful of dry electrodes and heavy artefact contamination fromof the spectrum, typically with a handful of dry electrodes and heavy artefact contamination fromeye movement and jaw muscle.eye movement and jaw muscle. lines 285–288 → 285–290188 unchanged lines not shown
[^wolpaw2002]: `paper` Wolpaw, J. R. et al. "Brain–computer interfaces for communication and control." *Clinical Neurophysiology*, 2002.[^wolpaw2002]: `paper` Wolpaw, J. R. et al. "Brain–computer interfaces for communication and control." *Clinical Neurophysiology*, 2002. [^hadke2026]: `paper` Hadke, S. S. et al. "Printed MoS2 memristive nanosheet networks for spiking neurons with multi-order complexity." *Nature Nanotechnology*, 2026. {Stimulation of Purkinje neurons in mouse cerebellar slices; no living animal or implanted device.}[^hadke2026]: `paper` Hadke, S. S. et al. "Printed MoS2 memristive nanosheet networks for spiking neurons with multi-order complexity." *Nature Nanotechnology*, 2026. {Stimulation of Purkinje neurons in mouse cerebellar slices; no living animal or implanted device.} [^ban2022]: `paper` Ban, H. Y. et al. "Kernel Flow: a high channel count scalable time-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy system." *Journal of Biomedical Optics* 27(7):074710, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.27.7.074710 removed, struck through added, underlinedLine numbers count the serialised markdown of each revision, frontmatter included.
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