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categories: ["cybernetics", "foundations"]categories: ["cybernetics", "foundations"]tags: ["bci", "neurotechnology", "paralysis", "neural decoding", "implants", "assistive technology"]tags: ["bci", "neurotechnology", "paralysis", "neural decoding", "implants", "assistive technology"]summary: "A system that measures nervous-system activity, decodes an intention or state from it, and converts that decoded signal into a command for an external device."summary: "A system that measures nervous-system activity, decodes an intention or state from it, and converts that decoded signal into a command for an external device."updated: "2026-07-27"updated: "2026-10-27"humanEvidence: "Implanted arrays have given research participants with paralysis cursor control, robotic-arm use and conversational-rate speech decoding; no implanted BCI has been shown to improve any capability in a healthy person."humanEvidence: "Implanted arrays have given research participants with paralysis cursor control, robotic-arm use and conversational-rate speech decoding; no implanted BCI has been shown to improve any capability in a healthy person."access: "No implanted BCI is approved by any regulator; the only route is enrolment in an early feasibility trial. Consumer EEG headsets are sold freely as wellness devices."access: "No implanted BCI is approved by any regulator; the only route is enrolment in an early feasibility trial. Consumer EEG headsets are sold freely as wellness devices."reversibility: "difficult"reversibility: "difficult"lines 190–196 → 190–199175 unchanged lines not shown
non-stationarity of the recorded population from day to day, and the near-total absence of anon-stationarity of the recorded population from day to day, and the near-total absence of ahigh-resolution write channel. Reading intention out is a solved-enough problem for manyhigh-resolution write channel. Reading intention out is a solved-enough problem for manyapplications; writing rich sensory information in is not, which is why touch feedback inapplications; writing rich sensory information in is not, which is why touch feedback in[[neuroprosthetics]] remains crude compared with motor decoding.[[neuroprosthetics]] remains crude compared with motor decoding. One laboratory response is to makethe stimulating hardware itself spike like a neuron, at biological voltages and timescales; such[[artificial-neurons|bio-interfacing artificial neurons]] have so far driven living neurons only inacute experiments, such as slices of mouse cerebellum.[^hadke2026] ## Limitations## Limitations lines 280–283 → 283–28883 unchanged lines not shown
[^lorach2023]: `paper` Lorach, H. et al. "Walking naturally after spinal cord injury using a brain–spine interface." *Nature*, 2023.[^lorach2023]: `paper` Lorach, H. et al. "Walking naturally after spinal cord injury using a brain–spine interface." *Nature*, 2023. [^wolpaw2002]: `paper` Wolpaw, J. R. et al. "Brain–computer interfaces for communication and control." *Clinical Neurophysiology*, 2002.[^wolpaw2002]: `paper` Wolpaw, J. R. et al. "Brain–computer interfaces for communication and control." *Clinical Neurophysiology*, 2002. [^hadke2026]: `paper` Hadke, S. S. et al. "Printed MoS2 memristive nanosheet networks for spiking neurons with multi-order complexity." *Nature Nanotechnology*, 2026. {Stimulation of Purkinje neurons in mouse cerebellar slices; no living animal or implanted device.} removed, struck through added, underlinedLine numbers count the serialised markdown of each revision, frontmatter included.
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