crispr

Articles

• Base editingGeneticsA genome editing method that chemically converts one DNA base into another at a targeted site without cutting both strands of the double helix.TRL 7late 2020sEmerging
• CasgevyGeneticsThe first approved CRISPR-based medicine, which disrupts a fetal-haemoglobin repressor in a patient's own blood stem cells to treat sickle cell disease and beta thalassaemia.TRL 9presentEmerging
• CRISPR–Cas9GeneticsA bacterial defence system repurposed as a programmable DNA-cutting tool, in which a short guide RNA directs the Cas9 enzyme to a chosen sequence in almost any genome.TRL 9presentEstablished
• Emmanuelle CharpentierPeopleFrench microbiologist who identified the second RNA that CRISPR-Cas9 requires, co-authored the 2012 paper that made the system programmable, and shared the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.presentEstablished
• Epigenome editingGeneticsTargeted modification of the chemical marks that control gene expression, switching a gene off or on without altering the underlying DNA sequence.TRL 62030sExperimental
• Gene drivesGeneticsGenetic elements engineered to bias their own inheritance above the Mendelian half, allowing an introduced trait to spread through a wild population.TRL 52030sExperimental
• Governance of human genome editingSocietyThe patchwork of national law, professional norms, funding rules, and international soft law that determines what may be done to a human genome and by whom.presentEmerging
• He Jiankui affairGeneticsThe 2018 announcement that twin girls had been born from CRISPR-edited embryos in Shenzhen, and the scientific condemnation and criminal prosecution that followed.historicalHistorical
• Human germline editingGeneticsModification of human embryos, eggs, or sperm so that the genetic change is inherited by the resulting child and by all of their descendants.TRL 42040sContested
• Jennifer DoudnaPeopleAmerican biochemist who co-authored the 2012 paper showing CRISPR-Cas9 could be programmed to cut chosen DNA sequences, and shared the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.presentEstablished
• Lipid nanoparticlesGeneticsFour-component lipid vesicles that carry mRNA and other nucleic acids into cells, the delivery system behind mRNA vaccines and the first systemic in vivo CRISPR therapies.TRL 9presentEstablished
• Off-target effects in genome editingGeneticsUnintended DNA changes caused by genome editors, either at sites resembling the target or at the target itself, and the assays used to find them.presentEstablished
• Prime editingGeneticsA genome editing method in which a nicking Cas9 fused to a reverse transcriptase writes a new DNA sequence specified by an extended guide RNA.TRL 62030sExperimental