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categories: ["bodies", "enhancement"]categories: ["bodies", "enhancement"]tags: ["robotics", "rehabilitation", "mobility", "wearables", "human augmentation", "actuators"]tags: ["robotics", "rehabilitation", "mobility", "wearables", "human augmentation", "actuators"]summary: "Wearable powered frames that apply force in parallel with the wearer's own limbs, used for gait rehabilitation, industrial load support, and proposed strength augmentation."summary: "Wearable powered frames that apply force in parallel with the wearer's own limbs, used for gait rehabilitation, industrial load support, and proposed strength augmentation."updated: "2026-10-29"updated: "2026-10-30"humanEvidence: "People with spinal cord injury or stroke walk in these devices under supervision, though reviews find the evidence too thin to show an advantage over conventional gait training; the clearest measured gains are metabolic savings in healthy walkers."humanEvidence: "People with spinal cord injury or stroke walk in these devices under supervision, though reviews find the evidence too thin to show an advantage over conventional gait training; the clearest measured gains are metabolic savings in healthy walkers."access: "Cleared for clinical use and, in the United States since 2014, for personal use; medical devices cost tens of thousands of dollars or more with limited payer coverage, while passive industrial exosuits are sold outright."access: "Cleared for clinical use and, in the United States since 2014, for personal use; medical devices cost tens of thousands of dollars or more with limited payer coverage, while passive industrial exosuits are sold outright."reversibility: "reversible"reversibility: "reversible"lines 68–73 → 68–7753 unchanged lines not shown
nothing when the wearer needs no help, a much harder requirement, because an actuator that fightsnothing when the wearer needs no help, a much harder requirement, because an actuator that fightsthe user is worse than no actuator at all.the user is worse than no actuator at all. A third use turns the device around. In some operator stations for [[robotic-avatars]],upper-body and hand exoskeletons capture the wearer's movements to drive a remote robot and returnforce and haptic feedback, adding information rather than strength.[^behnke2023] ## Development history## Development history ```timeline```timelinelines 196–201 → 200–206122 unchanged lines not shown
- [[disability-rights-and-enhancement]]- [[disability-rights-and-enhancement]]- [[exercise-and-aging]]- [[exercise-and-aging]]- [[brain-computer-interface]]- [[brain-computer-interface]]- [[robotic-avatars]] ## References## References lines 204–207 → 209–2142 unchanged lines not shown
[^collins2015]: `paper` Collins, S. H., Wiggin, M. B., Sawicki, G. S. "Reducing the energy cost of human walking using an unpowered exoskeleton." *Nature*, 2015. {The saving is in healthy adults walking on level ground in a laboratory, and says nothing about impaired gait.}[^collins2015]: `paper` Collins, S. H., Wiggin, M. B., Sawicki, G. S. "Reducing the energy cost of human walking using an unpowered exoskeleton." *Nature*, 2015. {The saving is in healthy adults walking on level ground in a laboratory, and says nothing about impaired gait.} [^slade2022]: `paper` Slade, P., Kochenderfer, M. J., Delp, S. L., Collins, S. H. "Personalizing exoskeleton assistance while walking in the real world." *Nature*, 2022.[^slade2022]: `paper` Slade, P., Kochenderfer, M. J., Delp, S. L., Collins, S. H. "Personalizing exoskeleton assistance while walking in the real world." *Nature*, 2022. [^behnke2023]: `paper` Behnke, S., Adams, J. A., Locke, D. "The $10 Million ANA Avatar XPRIZE Competition: How It Advanced Immersive Telepresence Systems." *IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine*, 2023. doi:10.1109/MRA.2023.3310864 {A competition report co-written by Sven Behnke of the University of Bonn group behind the winning team and David Locke of the XPRIZE Foundation; it describes operator stations but is not a controlled study of them.} removed, struck through added, underlinedLine numbers count the serialised markdown of each revision, frontmatter included.
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