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categories: ["space", "bodies"]categories: ["space", "bodies"]tags: ["spaceflight", "microgravity", "radiation", "bone loss", "physiology", "aging", "countermeasures"]tags: ["spaceflight", "microgravity", "radiation", "bone loss", "physiology", "aging", "countermeasures"]summary: "The medical discipline concerned with how spaceflight alters human physiology and with keeping crews functional in an environment the body did not evolve for."summary: "The medical discipline concerned with how spaceflight alters human physiology and with keeping crews functional in an environment the body did not evolve for."updated: "2026-07-27"updated: "2026-08-23"issues: ["The chest-CT-per-week comparison for orbital radiation dose carries no source.", "Carotid stiffening and the disputed Apollo cardiovascular analyses are uncited."]issues: ["The chest-CT-per-week comparison for orbital radiation dose carries no source.", "Carotid stiffening and the disputed Apollo cardiovascular analyses are uncited."]------ lines 103–108 → 103–11289 unchanged lines not shown
## Countermeasures and clinical practice## Countermeasures and clinical practice Daily loaded exercise is the backbone of the flight regime and, as on Earth, the best-evidenced intervention available — the same conclusion reached in [[exercise-and-aging]]. The hardware and its dose-response data belong to the deconditioning literature. What belongs to space medicine is the prescription: it is written per crew member, adjusted in flight against bone and fitness markers, and carried as a medical order rather than a fitness programme, which is why crew time for it is protected against operational pressure.Daily loaded exercise is the backbone of the flight regime and, as on Earth, the best-evidenced intervention available — the same conclusion reached in [[exercise-and-aging]]. The hardware and its dose-response data belong to the deconditioning literature. What belongs to space medicine is the prescription: it is written per crew member, adjusted in flight against bone and fitness markers, and carried as a medical order rather than a fitness programme, which is why crew time for it is protected against operational pressure. ```figure{"key": "iss-treadmill-harness", "caption": "Load is a prescription in orbit: the harness supplies the body weight the treadmill needs to matter. Roughly two hours a day of exercise preserves much of the muscle mass but not all of the function."}``` Pharmacology is narrower and mostly borrowed from terrestrial practice. Adding an antiresorptive drug to the exercise regime protected bone measurably better than exercise alone in flown crew, which is among the few pharmacological results in the field with in-flight evidence behind it.[^leblanc2013] Nothing comparable exists for SANS, for immune dysregulation, or for radiation. Nutritional standards target vitamin D, energy and protein adequacy, and sodium restriction. Drug stability is a problem of its own: formulations degrade in a warm cabin under chronic irradiation, and no pharmacy has been qualified for a mission of Mars duration.Pharmacology is narrower and mostly borrowed from terrestrial practice. Adding an antiresorptive drug to the exercise regime protected bone measurably better than exercise alone in flown crew, which is among the few pharmacological results in the field with in-flight evidence behind it.[^leblanc2013] Nothing comparable exists for SANS, for immune dysregulation, or for radiation. Nutritional standards target vitamin D, energy and protein adequacy, and sodium restriction. Drug stability is a problem of its own: formulations degrade in a warm cabin under chronic irradiation, and no pharmacy has been qualified for a mission of Mars duration. removed, struck through added, underlinedLine numbers count the serialised markdown of each revision, frontmatter included.
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