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categories: ["longevity"]categories: ["longevity"]tags: ["parabiosis", "plasma", "aging", "gdf11", "rejuvenation", "clinical trials"]tags: ["parabiosis", "plasma", "aging", "gdf11", "rejuvenation", "clinical trials"]summary: "Experiments joining the circulation of young and old animals, and the attempts to translate their rejuvenating effects into plasma-based treatments for humans."summary: "Experiments joining the circulation of young and old animals, and the attempts to translate their rejuvenating effects into plasma-based treatments for humans."updated: "2026-07-27"updated: "2026-10-28"humanEvidence: "Human work is limited to small plasma-infusion and plasma-exchange studies reporting feasibility, biomarker shifts, and one debated subgroup result; every rejuvenation and lifespan finding is from mice."humanEvidence: "Human work is limited to small plasma-infusion and plasma-exchange studies reporting feasibility, biomarker shifts, and one debated subgroup result; every rejuvenation and lifespan finding is from mice."access: "Not approved for aging anywhere; plasma products are licensed only for medical indications, and clinics in loosely regulated jurisdictions sell young-donor infusions of the kind the FDA warned against in 2019."access: "Not approved for aging anywhere; plasma products are licensed only for medical indications, and clinics in loosely regulated jurisdictions sell young-donor infusions of the kind the FDA warned against in 2019."reversibility: "reversible"reversibility: "reversible"issues: ["The 2019 FDA warning on young-donor plasma is described without a citation."]------ ```infobox```infoboxlines 115–129 → 114–13496 unchanged lines not shown
customers for general anti-aging purposes. In 2019 the FDA issued a public statement warning thatcustomers for general anti-aging purposes. In 2019 the FDA issued a public statement warning thatinfusions of plasma from young donors for aging, memory, or other conditions have no proven benefitinfusions of plasma from young donors for aging, memory, or other conditions have no proven benefitand carry the known risks of transfusion, including allergic reaction, circulatory overload, andand carry the known risks of transfusion, including allergic reaction, circulatory overload, andinfection. The clinic model has recurred in less regulated jurisdictions since.infection.[^fda2019] The clinic model has recurred in less regulated jurisdictions since. *Plasma exchange in healthy adults.* Small studies of therapeutic plasma exchange in older*Plasma exchange in healthy adults.* Small studies of therapeutic plasma exchange in oldervolunteers have reported changes in inflammatory and proteomic panels and involunteers have reported changes in inflammatory and proteomic panels and in[[epigenetic-clock|clock-based]] age estimates. These are surrogate measures, and a shift in a[[epigenetic-clock|clock-based]] age estimates. A sham-controlled trial published in 2025[[biological-age|biological-age estimate]] is not evidence of functional improvement. The mostassigned 42 adults over 50 to plasma exchange with albumin replacement (in one arm with addedpublicized instance, a technology entrepreneur exchanging plasma with his teenage son as one arm ofintravenous immunoglobulin) or to a sham procedure. Several epigenetic clocks read lower than in thea heavily measured [[quantified-self]] regimen, was discontinued after the participants reported nosham group at an intermediate sampling point, no group differed significantly from sham at the finaldiscernible benefit, which is a fair summary of the public human record.one, and functional, cognitive and symptomatic outcomes were not assessed.[^fuentealba2025] These aresurrogate measures, and a shift in a [[biological-age|biological-age estimate]] is not evidence offunctional improvement. The most publicized individual case, that of [[bryan-johnson]] in 2023, wasnot a two-way swap: plasma from his 17-year-old son was infused into Johnson, and Johnson's plasmainto his 70-year-old father, as one of six monthly one-litre "young plasma exchanges" in his heavilymeasured [[quantified-self]] regimen. In July 2023 Johnson announced that he was discontinuing thembecause his biomarkers showed no benefit, a single uncontrolled self-report.[^fortune2023] ## Risks## Risks lines 177–180 → 182–18847 unchanged lines not shown
[^loffredo2013]: `paper` Loffredo, F.S. et al. "Growth differentiation factor 11 is a circulating factor that reverses age-related cardiac hypertrophy." *Cell*, 2013. {A later report from another group could not distinguish GDF11 from myostatin with comparable assays and found the opposite trend with age.}[^loffredo2013]: `paper` Loffredo, F.S. et al. "Growth differentiation factor 11 is a circulating factor that reverses age-related cardiac hypertrophy." *Cell*, 2013. {A later report from another group could not distinguish GDF11 from myostatin with comparable assays and found the opposite trend with age.}[^egerman2015]: `paper` Egerman, M.A. et al. "GDF11 increases with age and inhibits skeletal muscle regeneration." *Cell Metabolism*, 2015.[^egerman2015]: `paper` Egerman, M.A. et al. "GDF11 increases with age and inhibits skeletal muscle regeneration." *Cell Metabolism*, 2015.[^mehdipour2020]: `paper` Mehdipour, M. et al. "Rejuvenation of three germ layers tissues by exchanging old blood plasma with saline-albumin." *Aging*, 2020.[^mehdipour2020]: `paper` Mehdipour, M. et al. "Rejuvenation of three germ layers tissues by exchanging old blood plasma with saline-albumin." *Aging*, 2020.[^fda2019]: `regulator` US Food and Drug Administration. "Important Information about Young Donor Plasma Infusions for Profit." Safety communication, 19 February 2019. https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/safety-availability-biologics/important-information-about-young-donor-plasma-infusions-profit[^fuentealba2025]: `paper` Fuentealba, M. et al. "Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Biomarkers That Contribute to Biological Age Rejuvenation in Response to Single-Blinded Randomized Placebo-Controlled Therapeutic Plasma Exchange." *Aging Cell*, 2025. doi:10.1111/acel.70103 {Allocation was by entry date, clocks differed at baseline, and the trial was registered after its primary completion date; three authors are members of Circulate Inc., a plasma-exchange company.}[^fortune2023]: `news` Mikhail, A. "Tech CEO Bryan Johnson admits he saw 'no benefits' after controversially injecting his son's plasma into his body to reverse his biological age." *Fortune*, 8 July 2023. {Reproduces Johnson's 5 July 2023 post verbatim; the son-and-father sequence is attributed to Bloomberg reporting from May 2023.} removed, struck through added, underlinedLine numbers count the serialised markdown of each revision, frontmatter included.
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