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categories: ["cybernetics", "enhancement"]categories: ["cybernetics", "enhancement"]tags: ["tms", "tdcs", "ultrasound", "vagus nerve", "cognitive enhancement", "replication"]tags: ["tms", "tdcs", "ultrasound", "vagus nerve", "cognitive enhancement", "replication"]summary: "Techniques that alter neural excitability through the intact skull or peripheral nerves — magnetic, electrical, and ultrasonic — without surgery or implanted hardware."summary: "Techniques that alter neural excitability through the intact skull or peripheral nerves — magnetic, electrical, and ultrasonic — without surgery or implanted hardware."updated: "2026-07-27"updated: "2026-10-28"humanEvidence: "Repetitive TMS for depression is supported by sham-controlled trials in patients and is cleared and reimbursed; tDCS enhancement studies in healthy adults are small and showed no reliable effect when pooled."humanEvidence: "Repetitive TMS for depression is supported by sham-controlled trials in patients and is cleared and reimbursed; tDCS enhancement studies in healthy adults are small and showed no reliable effect when pooled."access: "TMS is delivered in clinics and covered by many health systems; tDCS has no approved US indication yet is sold as a consumer wellness device and built at home; ultrasound is research-only."access: "TMS is delivered in clinics and covered by many health systems; tDCS has no approved US indication yet is sold as a consumer wellness device and built at home; ultrasound is research-only."reversibility: "reversible"reversibility: "reversible"lines 179–184 → 179–191164 unchanged lines not shown
2026 the human evidence consists of small studies with heterogeneous protocols, and the dose-response2026 the human evidence consists of small studies with heterogeneous protocols, and the dose-responserelationship is not well characterized.relationship is not well characterized. A separate line of animal work aims stimulation at the brain's fluid clearance rather than at asymptom. In October 2026 a group in Beijing reported that a single ten-minute exposure to 40.68 MHzultrashort-wave radio-frequency energy, a physiotherapy modality, raised delta-band power and sped[[glymphatic-system|glymphatic]] tracer clearance in mice, and that a week of daily sessions loweredamyloid staining and improved memory tasks in an Alzheimer's mouse model.[^liu2026] The work is asingle cohort of mice with no human data, and the clearance mechanism it targets is itself disputed. The second trend is closing the loop. Stimulation timed to a measured brain state — an oscillationThe second trend is closing the loop. Stimulation timed to a measured brain state — an oscillationphase, a sleep spindle, a decoded attentional lapse — should outperform stimulation delivered on aphase, a sleep spindle, a decoded attentional lapse — should outperform stimulation delivered on afixed schedule, and it borrows directly from the methods of [[neural-decoding]] and from thefixed schedule, and it borrows directly from the methods of [[neural-decoding]] and from thelines 211–214 → 218–22326 unchanged lines not shown
[^fregni2021]: `paper` Fregni, F. et al. "Evidence-based guidelines and secondary meta-analysis for the use of transcranial direct current stimulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders." *International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology*, 2021.[^fregni2021]: `paper` Fregni, F. et al. "Evidence-based guidelines and secondary meta-analysis for the use of transcranial direct current stimulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders." *International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology*, 2021. [^horvath2015]: `paper` Horvath, J. C., Forte, J. D., Carter, O. "Quantitative review finds no evidence of cognitive effects in healthy populations from single-session transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)." *Brain Stimulation*, 2015. {Covers single-session studies in healthy adults only; its exclusion criteria were contested, and it does not bear on multi-session clinical protocols in patients.}[^horvath2015]: `paper` Horvath, J. C., Forte, J. D., Carter, O. "Quantitative review finds no evidence of cognitive effects in healthy populations from single-session transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)." *Brain Stimulation*, 2015. {Covers single-session studies in healthy adults only; its exclusion criteria were contested, and it does not bear on multi-session clinical protocols in patients.} [^liu2026]: `paper` Liu, J. et al. "Noninvasive ultrashort wave neuromodulation enhances glymphatic clearance to alleviate traumatic brain edema and Alzheimer's pathology." *Science Advances*, 2026. {Mice only, run as one cohort without independent replication; the amyloid result is a fall in immunofluorescence intensity after seven daily sessions.} removed, struck through added, underlinedLine numbers count the serialised markdown of each revision, frontmatter included.
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