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categories: ["longevity", "foundations"]categories: ["longevity", "foundations"]tags: ["aging", "biogerontology", "mechanisms", "damage", "geroscience"]tags: ["aging", "biogerontology", "mechanisms", "damage", "geroscience"]summary: "The consensus taxonomy of cellular and molecular processes held to drive mammalian aging, set out as nine mechanisms in 2013 and expanded to twelve in 2023."summary: "The consensus taxonomy of cellular and molecular processes held to drive mammalian aging, set out as nine mechanisms in 2013 and expanded to twelve in 2023."updated: "2026-07-27"updated: "2026-08-23"humanEvidence: "No hallmark has been shown to satisfy the framework's third criterion in humans; the amelioration results come from worms, flies and mice, and the human data are observational and correlational."humanEvidence: "No hallmark has been shown to satisfy the framework's third criterion in humans; the amelioration results come from worms, flies and mice, and the human data are observational and correlational."issues: ["The mortality-doubling-time figure in the keyfacts block carries no source.", "The Outlook refers to prizes and consortia defining outcome measures without naming any."]issues: ["The mortality-doubling-time figure in the keyfacts block carries no source.", "The Outlook refers to prizes and consortia defining outcome measures without naming any."]------lines 71–76 → 71–8057 unchanged lines not shown
## The twelve hallmarks## The twelve hallmarks The 2013 paper sorted the hallmarks into three tiers by causal position, and the 2023 revision kept the scheme.The 2013 paper sorted the hallmarks into three tiers by causal position, and the 2023 revision kept the scheme. ```figure{"key": "hallmarks-nine-diagram", "caption": "The original nine hallmarks of the 2013 paper, redrawn in a 2018 review. The 2023 revision added disabled macroautophagy, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis, bringing the list to twelve."}``` ### Primary hallmarks: damage### Primary hallmarks: damage removed, struck through added, underlinedLine numbers count the serialised markdown of each revision, frontmatter included.
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