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categories: ["bodies", "foundations"]categories: ["bodies", "foundations"]tags: ["simulation", "in silico trials", "personalized medicine", "computational modelling", "medical devices", "cardiology"]tags: ["simulation", "in silico trials", "personalized medicine", "computational modelling", "medical devices", "cardiology"]summary: "Computational models of an individual person's physiology, built from that person's own data and run to predict what an intervention would do before it is attempted."summary: "Computational models of an individual person's physiology, built from that person's own data and run to predict what an intervention would do before it is attempted."updated: "2026-07-27"updated: "2026-08-22"humanEvidence: "In patients, simulation is routine only for radiotherapy dose and CT-derived coronary physiology; virtual-heart ablation planning rests on small studies. No whole-body twin exists for any person."humanEvidence: "In patients, simulation is routine only for radiotherapy dose and CT-derived coronary physiology; virtual-heart ablation planning rests on small studies. No whole-body twin exists for any person."access: "Organ-specific models are sold as regulated software and reimbursed in some health systems, notably CT-derived coronary flow analysis. Products marketed as whole-person twins are usually dashboards."access: "Organ-specific models are sold as regulated software and reimbursed in some health systems, notably CT-derived coronary flow analysis. Products marketed as whole-person twins are usually dashboards."reversibility: "reversible"reversibility: "reversible"lines 106–112 → 106–11291 unchanged lines not shown
**No counterfactual to check against.** If the model recommends ablating one site and the clinician ablates it, the outcome of the alternative is never observed. Validating a predictive model of an individual therefore requires randomising against ordinary care, which is expensive and rarely done. A related shortage of checkable ground truth slows the validation of [[aging-biomarkers]].**No counterfactual to check against.** If the model recommends ablating one site and the clinician ablates it, the outcome of the alternative is never observed. Validating a predictive model of an individual therefore requires randomising against ordinary care, which is expensive and rarely done. A related shortage of checkable ground truth slows the validation of [[aging-biomarkers]]. **Scope.** A model represents what its builders chose to represent. Cardiac mechanics and drug distribution are tractable because the physics is well characterised and the geometry does much of the work. Immune response, metabolism, wound healing and the brain are not in that position, and a whole-body twin needs all of them at once, coupled.**Scope.** A model represents what its builders chose to represent. Cardiac mechanics and drug distribution are tractable because the physics is well characterised and the geometry does much of the work. Immune response, metabolism, wound healing and the brain are not in that position, and a whole-body twin needs all of them at once, coupled. The same parameter shortage recurs one level down, where [[virtual-cell-models]] confront it at the scale of a single cell. **Drift.** A person is not a fixed system. Anatomy remodels, drugs change physiology, disease progresses. A model validated at one moment silently expires, and there is usually no signal telling anyone when.**Drift.** A person is not a fixed system. Anatomy remodels, drugs change physiology, disease progresses. A model validated at one moment silently expires, and there is usually no signal telling anyone when. lines 131–136 → 131–13718 unchanged lines not shown
## See also## See also - [[whole-brain-emulation]]- [[whole-brain-emulation]]- [[virtual-cell-models]]- [[organoids]]- [[organoids]]- [[ai-drug-discovery]]- [[ai-drug-discovery]]- [[wearable-health-sensors]]- [[wearable-health-sensors]]removed, struck through added, underlinedLine numbers count the serialised markdown of each revision, frontmatter included.
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