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categories: ["longevity", "genetics"]categories: ["longevity", "genetics"]tags: ["reprogramming", "epigenetics", "rejuvenation", "gene therapy", "aging", "stem cells"]tags: ["reprogramming", "epigenetics", "rejuvenation", "gene therapy", "aging", "stem cells"]summary: "The use of pluripotency factors to reset age-associated marks on DNA and chromatin, restoring youthful gene expression in cells without converting them into stem cells."summary: "The use of pluripotency factors to reset age-associated marks on DNA and chromatin, restoring youthful gene expression in cells without converting them into stem cells."updated: "2026-07-27"updated: "2026-08-23"humanEvidence: "No person has been treated with reprogramming as a rejuvenation therapy: those results are from mice or cultured human cells, where transient reprogramming lowered methylation age without loss of fibroblast identity. Full reprogramming to iPSCs is separate."humanEvidence: "No person has been treated with reprogramming as a rejuvenation therapy: those results are from mice or cultured human cells, where transient reprogramming lowered methylation age without loss of fibroblast identity. Full reprogramming to iPSCs is separate."access: "Nothing to obtain outside the laboratory; no partial-reprogramming therapy has published clinical data, and companies have so far stated only an intention to file for first-in-human trials."access: "Nothing to obtain outside the laboratory; no partial-reprogramming therapy has published clinical data, and companies have so far stated only an intention to file for first-in-human trials."reversibility: "context"reversibility: "context"lines 35–40 → 35–4420 unchanged lines not shown
## The epigenetic view of aging## The epigenetic view of aging Every cell in a body carries nearly the same genome but reads a different portion of it. Which portion is set by cytosine methylation, histone modification, chromatin accessibility, and the transcription-factor networks that maintain them. These patterns drift with age in ways that are reproducible enough to be read as a clock: methylation at a few hundred sites predicts chronological age across tissues to within a few years, which is the basis of the [[epigenetic-clock|epigenetic clocks]].Every cell in a body carries nearly the same genome but reads a different portion of it. Which portion is set by cytosine methylation, histone modification, chromatin accessibility, and the transcription-factor networks that maintain them. These patterns drift with age in ways that are reproducible enough to be read as a clock: methylation at a few hundred sites predicts chronological age across tissues to within a few years, which is the basis of the [[epigenetic-clock|epigenetic clocks]]. ```figure{"key": "epigenetic-mechanisms-nih", "caption": "The dials reprogramming turns: DNA methylation and histone state. The NIH diagram lists aging among the factors that alter them — the premise the field inverts by asking whether resetting the marks resets the cell."}``` The drift has structure. Across mammals, CpG islands controlling developmental genes, many of them targets of the polycomb repressive complexes, gain methylation with age, while the genome as a whole loses it. Heterochromatin at repetitive regions relaxes. Chromatin that should be closed in a given cell type opens, and lineage-inappropriate genes become detectably transcribed at low levels. The result is not random noise but a loss of definition in the cell's regulatory state.The drift has structure. Across mammals, CpG islands controlling developmental genes, many of them targets of the polycomb repressive complexes, gain methylation with age, while the genome as a whole loses it. Heterochromatin at repetitive regions relaxes. Chromatin that should be closed in a given cell type opens, and lineage-inappropriate genes become detectably transcribed at low levels. The result is not random noise but a loss of definition in the cell's regulatory state. removed, struck through added, underlinedLine numbers count the serialised markdown of each revision, frontmatter included.
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