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living-subject work stops at Demikhov's 1950s dogs and White's 1970 rhesus monkeys, whose cords were never joined, and the 2017 human procedure was a rehearsal on two cadavers.","access":null,"reversibility":null,"issues":["The spinal-cord-injury population figure in the closing section is unsourced.","The 2023 whole-eye transplant at NYU Langone needs a source."],"tags":["transplantation","spinal cord","neurosurgery","medical ethics","identity","fringe science"],"categories":["bodies"],"updated":"2026-07-27","wordCount":1559,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/head-transplant","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/head-transplant","outbound":["limb-regeneration","retinal-implant","xenotransplantation","uterus-transplantation","organ-shortage","personal-identity-and-continuity","teleportation-problem","morphological-freedom","somatic-gene-therapy","brain-computer-interface","exoskeleton","cryonics","whole-brain-emulation","mind-uploading","neuroprosthetics"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["brain-preservation","personal-identity-and-continuity"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/head-transplant/history","revisions":1,"edits":0,"currentRevision":1,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-07-28T17:44:01.747Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"healthspan","title":"Healthspan","summary":"The portion of life spent in good health and function, as distinct from total lifespan; 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the mortality findings come from an observational Finnish cohort of men, and no trial has tested lifespan or healthspan.","access":"Unregulated and widely available: public and gym saunas, home units, cold-plunge studios and open water, at costs from a swim ticket to four-figure equipment.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["Cold-immersion mood literature is summarized qualitatively without a cited meta-analysis","Heat acclimation for athletic performance is uncovered and may warrant its own section"],"tags":["sauna","cold exposure","hormesis","brown adipose tissue","heat shock proteins","recovery","observational epidemiology"],"categories":["longevity","enhancement"],"updated":"2026-07-27","wordCount":1573,"readingMinutes":7,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/heat-and-cold-exposure","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/heat-and-cold-exposure","outbound":["proteostasis","hallmarks-of-aging","cynthia-kenyon","exercise-and-aging","autophagy","caloric-restriction","healthspan","psychedelic-therapy","enhancement-in-sport","epigenetic-clock","biological-age","aging-biomarkers","mitochondrial-dysfunction","rapamycin","geroscience-hypothesis","glp-1-receptor-agonists","wearable-health-sensors","quantified-self","biohacking","dietary-supplements","blue-zones","sleep-and-longevity","inflammaging","human-hibernation"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["biohacking","blue-zones","exercise-and-aging","healthspan","human-hibernation","longevity-dividend","metformin","proteostasis","quantified-self","xprize-healthspan"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/heat-and-cold-exposure/history","revisions":1,"edits":0,"currentRevision":1,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-07-28T17:44:01.747Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"human-cloning","title":"Human cloning","summary":"Producing a human genetically identical to an existing person by somatic cell nuclear transfer, demonstrated to the blastocyst stage and never taken to a pregnancy.","type":"technology","status":"contested","horizon":"indefinite","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"Nuclear transfer has produced human blastocysts and embryonic stem cell lines in culture; no human pregnancy or birth from a cloned embryo has been documented, and all live-birth data are from other mammals.","access":"Not obtainable: reproductive cloning is prohibited by statute in most countries with a biotechnology sector and no clinic offers it, while nuclear transfer for research is done in a handful of laboratories.","reversibility":"irreversible","issues":["The 1998 Council of Europe protocol and the 2005 UN declaration are described without sources."],"tags":["cloning","reproduction","stem cells","bioethics","regulation","identity"],"categories":["reproduction","genetics"],"updated":"2026-07-27","wordCount":1207,"readingMinutes":5,"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/human-cloning","raw":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/raw/human-cloning","outbound":["induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","yamanaka-factors","epigenetic-reprogramming","telomeres-and-telomerase","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","personal-identity-and-continuity","governance-of-genome-editing","leon-kass","bioconservatism","embryo-selection","germline-editing","xenotransplantation","de-extinction","in-vitro-gametogenesis"],"wantedLinks":[],"backlinks":["bioconservatism","colossal-biosciences","de-extinction","ectogenesis","germline-editing","in-vitro-gametogenesis","induced-pluripotent-stem-cells","leon-kass","mitochondrial-replacement-therapy","shinya-yamanaka","synthetic-embryos","xenotransplantation","yamanaka-factors"],"history":{"url":"https://futurehumanwiki.com/wiki/human-cloning/history","revisions":1,"edits":0,"currentRevision":1,"currentRevisionAt":"2026-07-28T17:44:01.747Z","createdAt":null}},{"slug":"human-digital-twins","title":"Human digital twins","summary":"Computational models of an individual person's physiology, built from that person's own data and run to predict what an intervention would do before it is attempted.","type":"technology","status":"experimental","horizon":"2040s","trl":4,"humanEvidence":"In patients, simulation is routine only for radiotherapy dose and CT-derived coronary physiology; virtual-heart ablation planning rests on small studies. No whole-body twin exists for any person.","access":"Organ-specific models are sold as regulated software and reimbursed in some health systems, notably CT-derived coronary flow analysis. Products marketed as whole-person twins are usually dashboards.","reversibility":"reversible","issues":["Needs a source for the 2025 FDA announcement on animal-testing alternatives","Thin on oncology and immunology modelling"],"tags":["simulation","in silico trials","personalized medicine","computational modelling","medical 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